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Structural and mineralogical mapping using multispectral satellite data (Aster, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel 2B) combined with field work in the Western High Atlas, Morocco

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Elbakhouch N. , Ibouh H. , Touil A. , Chafiki D.

2024

tom Vol. 30, No. 2

119--136

The Tighardine area in the Western High Atlas Massif is composed of rocks ranging in age from Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The area is intensely deformed with a multidirectional diversity of faults and also hosts a polymetallic ore deposit (Tighardine mine) and prospects of significant economic value, some of which are related to fault structures. In order to identify favourable areas of mineral deposition, structural and mineralogical mapping using satellite images was conducted in this region. For this purpose, various remote sensing approaches were employed on images from Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel 2 and ASTER sensors. The process started with lineament extraction methods so as to identify faults manually from satellite images. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the optimal indexing factor (OIF) were used to achieve good discrimination of lithological units. Additionally, several band ratios were applied to ASTER, Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2, in order to derive multiple maps corresponding to hydrothermal alteration zones. Analysis of the results from the obtained maps and their overlay with field data has allowed us to: (i) identify three main structural orientations. The most frequent and longest is the NE–SW direction, which coincides with the principal mineralised horizon of the Tighardine deposit. Results suggest an extension of this horizon towards the south-west at the Ait Zitoune and towards the west in the Ait Hsayn region. Two new fault set has been identified by remote sensing: NW-SE fracture, generally of Mesozoic-Cenozoic age, and an E-W fractures trend, particularly developed in the Neoproterozoic basement and considered of Ediacaran age; (ii) highlighting two potential mineralisation zones: in the Ediacaran basement, revealing alterations of silica, dolomite, clay minerals, iron oxide and alunite-kaolinite-pyrophyllite, hosting the main mineralisation axis (Tighardine mine); in the northern part corresponding to the overthrust zones of Cambrian onto Cenozoic formations.

Wybrane aspekty osiągania przewagi w operacji „Iracka Wolność” w 2003 roku

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Joniak J.

2009

tom nr 4(77)

274-302

Iraqi Freedom operation significantly differed from a classic model of waging offensive operations in the second half of the 20th century. There appeared a kind of joining of the timeless rules of conducting war with the application of an innovative approach to certain aspects of the art of war and using the state-of-the-art technology. The picture of the battlefield showed great flexibility and mobility both in the land and air dimensions. The necessity to operate with the use of small forces in relation to the area of operation required capabilities to concentrate efforts where it was useful from the coalition point of view, and inconvenient for Iraqi forces. During the whole operation a great attention was drawn to acquiring, maintaining and using information advantage which allowed unprecedented control of the battlefield both in the sense of effective command of precision weapons and due to capabilities of effective command of quick surprising manoeuvre of the friendly forces. Iraqi commanders did not posses modern systems of command and reconnaissance, what contributed to the lack of possibility to command their own forces in an effective way. A huge advantage of coalition groups resulted from the fact that Iraqi frees in the first week of operations were significantly weakened due to constant air strikes, their command system was neutralised, what in turn made it impossible to attempt reorganisation, creating an appropriate defence group and regrouping necessary troops. Moreover, in many regular army units there was seen the weakeneing of the will to fight. The technological advantage of American units effectively minimised the quantative advantage of Iraqi forces. The coalition forces having much fewer divisions and artillery than Iraq, surpassed it with modern armament systems. The technological advantage of conventional weapons and information advantage were the key factors of the coalition success.