Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Hauptströmungen der Entwicklung im Reiseverkehrsmanagement im Sudetenland

100%

Štemberk J.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2019

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nr 30

70-85

EN

The article describes the development of the tourism management and organizational structure in the Sudetenland. At first, the development is briefly outlined from the beginning of the Habsburg monarchy, when locally operating so-called foreign associations (Fremdenverkehrsverein) began to arise, then through the period of interwar Czechoslovakia, which retained the current federal structure, until the Sudetenland joined Nazi Germany. The main core of the article is the transformation in tourism management after the annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany. Paper describes dissettlement of the existing associations as well as the introduction of the tourism management structure based on the German model. Also, particular specifics of individual areas are pointed out. The Sudetenland was to some extent exceptional in its interconnectedness with the Czech lands, but at the same time it was oriented towards Reich tourists. The paper is based mainly on archive sources stored in the Czech, Moravian, Austrian and German archives additionally supported by periodical literature.

2

Planowany Anschluss Szwajcarii w czasie drugiej wojny światowej

100%

Żejmo M.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2015

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nr 2(9)

185-209

EN

Since 1933, when Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, to the end of World War II, the independence of Switzerland was constantly threatened. From the beginning, Nazi propaganda sounded off about the unifi cation of the German peoples under the banners of the Third Reich. However, Swiss neutrality gave the Germans such great material benefi ts that they ultimately abandoned their plans to annex Switzerland. Prior to the outbreak of World War II and throughout the War, the Swiss authorities collaborated with the Germans and imposed restrictions on the admission of European Jews. Nevertheless, owing to its status of a ‘perpetually’ neutral state and informal actions of a number of state offi cials, many human lives were saved. For many years after the war, the Swiss found themselves in a kind of political isolation from the countries fi ghting against the Nazi Third Reich, owing to Switzerland’s trade cooperation and trade in goods with all participants of the war.

3

Defensive Measures Adopted by Czechoslovak Authorities in Reaction to Danger Posed by Nazi Germany during Years 1935–1937

100%

Gabzdilová S. , Olejník M.

Central European Papers

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2020

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tom 8

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nr 2

29-44

EN

Submitted paper is mapping measures enacted by Czechoslovak government during period of years 1934–1937 as a reaction to aggressive policy of Nazi Germany. Attention is given toproceedingsaimedat increaseoffightingabilityof Czechoslovak Army such as fieldmilitary exercises improvement of organization structure and elaboration of defensive operations in response to possible German attack. Focus is placed on defense construction works protecting boundaries, namely along western region of state. The paper is endeavoring to provide, in a concise fashion, a picture of struggle of Czechoslovak political leaders and military to prepare CSR to be able to cope with threat of German aggression and role of Czech and Slovak periodical press to inform public about dramatic political development during years 1935–1937. Attention is given to endeavors of periodical press in creation of confidence in Czechoslovak Republic ability to withstand danger of aggression from Nazi Germany.

4

Právní institut tzv. říšskoněmeckého občanství v expanzivní a rasistické politice nacistického Německa v letech 1935‒1945

75%

Emmert F.

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nr 2

141-153

EN

From the outset, it was clear what the Nazi movement stood for, as most of its ideas and political aims had been promulgated quite openly and plainly. Pure aggression was among the characteristic features of Nazism. Nazi ideology, based on the feeling of exceptionality, emerged from anti-Semitism and extreme nationalism. Only individuals of German blood – for whom the term Volksgenossen (fellow countrymen) was coined ‒ were considered “members of the nation“. Jews, on the other hand, were deemed to be parasites and the archenemy of Germany. Everything was to be given a “legal frameework“. A decision was soon taken to issue two new laws – the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour. The Reich Citizenship Law stipulated that only individuals of “German or kindred blood“ may be Reich citizens. During the Nazi occupation, German citizenship filtered into what is today the Czech Republic. Under the German legal norms of the time, individuals of German origin acquired the Reich citizenship.

5

Ocaliła go archeologia: działalność badawcza Kazimierza Gelinka (1882-1969) jako więźnia niemieckiego nazistowskiego obozu koncentracyjnego w Mauthausen-Gusen (Górna Austria) w latach 1940-1945

63%

Prinke A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2011

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tom 59

167-183

EN

During the archival study of the rich legacy of Prof. Józef Kostrzewski carried out by the author, a ready-to-be-published manuscript by Kazimierz Gelinek (1946) in Polish and English was found. It describes his archaeological activities 1940-45 as a prisoner at Mauthausen-Gusen, one of the most severe German Nazi concentration camps. Gelinek, a geographer and pre-war grammar school teacher with extensive archaeological field and museum practice in the Płock region, was ordered by the camp commanders first to form the excavation brigade of prisoners in order to examine several sites in the vicinity of the camp (the archaeologically rich region of Upper Danube valley), then to organize a small archaeological museum in one of the camp barracks and finally – to prepare a monograph of the excavated area that was handed to Heinrich Himmler, chief of the SS and Gestapo and an enthusiastic amateur of archaeology, during his visit.

6

Preparations for euthanasia in Nazi Germany 1938-1939

63%

Tregenza M.

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tom 04

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nr 1

7

Implozja ludzkości. Katastrofizm biologiczny panromantyzmu w ujęciu Maxa Schelera

63%

Raube S.

IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych

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2013

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tom 25

107- 123

EN

This paper presents a stream of German philosophy which reached he ights of popularity in the ﬁrst thirty years of the twentieth century, and which is associated with the names of Ludwig Klages and Theodor Lessing. It is known as biological catastrophism or panromanticism. The latter term is derived from Max Scheler. The article is mostly focused on his interpretation of the biological catastrophism. Klages and Lessing argued that humanity follows the path of destruction. They wrote that the main cause of the decadence of man was mind (spirit). It is the spiritual mind which was responsible for man’s weakened vitality. The human mind invented ever new measures: philosophy, religion, art or science, but nothing will prevent us from the ﬁnal defeat; unless you rediscover the importance of some vital characteristics. Some historians of philosophy believed that the philosophy of Klages and Lessing was an ally.

8

Działalność polityczna Niemców karpackich w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

63%

Żarna K.

Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities

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2015

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nr 4

169 – 183

EN

During the interwar period, Czechoslovakia was the multiethnic state. The most numerous minority in Czechoslovakia were Germans. They presented over 20% of all First Republic population. The majority of this ethnic group inhabited in western part of Germany – they were called “Sudeten Germans”. Carpathian Germans inhabit the fields of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. They were less numerous, diffuse and less organized. In analyzed period in Slovakia rivaled two biggest German political parties: the Zipser German Party and the Carpathian Germans Party. About influences among local Germans tried also Hungarians. Finally has won the Carpathian Germans Party, around which has come the consolidation of Slovak German. It was subordinated Sudeten Germans Party and realized the interests of the Nazi Germany.

9

Soviet antifascism as main narrative of the Russian propaganda in hybrid warfare

51%

Prys E.

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nr 4

51-71

EN

The myth of the Great Patriotic War which is also known as the Great Fatherland War has always been one of main messages of Russian propaganda on post-Soviet space. Russia combines antifascist rhetoric with manipulating historical facts in order to justify the annexation of Crimea and military intervention in the East of Ukraine. The article describes how the Russian Federation uses the topic of antifascist struggle against Nazi Germany in its aggressive foreign policy against the neighboring countries.

10

Zmiany w strukturze gospodarczej Niemiec hitlerowskich w latach 30. XX w.

51%

Klimiuk Z.

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nr 1(70)

57-86

EN

The article analyzes the changes in the institutional and functional structure of the economy that took place in Nazi Germany in the 1930s. strengthening the role of the state in economic life without, however, dismantling the foundations of the capitalist economy, including private property. The role of the market as a regulator of economic processes has been significantly reduced, but not eliminated. Hitler was given a power of attorney to completely rebuild the economy of Germany, which was in the nature of a managed economy, that is, in practice, the state applied interventionism, including centralism, planning and state control. As part of fascist corporatism, the production of individual goods was rationed and the operation of the market was limited. In October 1936, the Nazi state extended interventionism to all areas of the economy by proclaiming the Second Four-Year Plan and by appointing a new “Price Commissioner” whose task was no longer to control prices, but to set them together with the law of “using all necessary means to secure fair prices”. The main goal of the Second Four-Year Plan was to equip the German armed forces with weapons and to prepare Germany economically to wage war. Two more sub-periods are distinguished in the preparation of the German economy for the war following the announcement of the Second Four-Year Plan. The first one lasted until 1938, and the main goal of the economy was self-sufficiency, but without changing production profiles. The second period began in 1938, when the German economy entered the stage of direct war preparations. Production for war needs was then given absolute priority.

PL

Autor artykułu analizuje zmiany w strukturze instytucjonalnej oraz funkcjonalnej gospodarki, jakie nastąpiły w Niemczech hitlerowskich w latach 30. XX w. Ich celem było m.in. wzmocnienie roli państwa w życiu gospodarczym bez demontowania podstaw gospodarki kapitalistycznej, w tym własności prywatnej. Rola rynku jako regulatora procesów gospodarczych została znacznie ograniczona, ale nie zlikwidowana. Hitler otrzymał pełnomocnictwo do całkowitej przebudowy gospodarki Niemiec, która miała charakter kierowanej, czyli w praktyce państwo stosowało szeroki interwencjonizm obejmujący centralizm, planowanie i kontrolę państwową. W ramach faszystowskiego korporacjonizmu reglamentowano produkcję poszczególnych towarów oraz ograniczono działanie rynku. W październiku 1936 r. państwo hitlerowskie rozciągnęło interwencjonizm na wszystkie dziedziny gospodarki przez proklamowanie II Planu Czteroletniego oraz mianowanie nowego Komisarza do spraw Cen, którego zadaniem była już nie kontrola cen lecz ich wyznaczanie połączone z prawem „użycia wszystkich potrzebnych środków dla zabezpieczenia sprawiedliwych cen”. Głównym celem II Planu Czteroletniego było wyposażenie niemieckich sił zbrojnych w broń oraz przygotowanie Niemiec pod względem gospodarczym do prowadzenia wojny. W przygotowaniach gospodarki niemieckiej do wojny po ogłoszeniu II Planu Czteroletniego wyróżnia się jeszcze dwa podokresy. Pierwszy trwał do 1938 r., a głównym celem gospodarki było dążenie do samowystarczalności, jednak bez zmiany profilów produkcyjnych. Drugi okres rozpoczął się w 1938 r., kiedy gospodarka niemiecka weszła w stadium bezpośrednich przygotowań wojennych. Bezwzględny priorytet uzyskała wtedy produkcja na potrzeby wojenne.

11

"Výbuch, který právě nastal.": zrod Hitlerovy diktatury pohledem československých reportérů

51%

Maňák V.

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2023

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tom 71

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nr 3

288-307

EN

This study focuses on Czechoslovak reportage journalism and its reflection of political events in Germany during 1933, when the political system underwent a fundamental transformation into a totalitarian dictatorship led by Adolf Hitler. The study shows and analyses the interwar form of written reportage and reflects German events through texts by three prominent Czechoslovak journalists: Franta Kocourek, Géza Včelička and Egon Erwin Kisch. The study describes their narrative strategies and shows how journalistic work was influenced by the ideological positions of these Czechoslowak reporters. Despite their differing political positions, all three of them were united in their clear criticism of the NSDAP.

12

Grammar, Semantics and Dialects in Architecture

51%

Cimała A.

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tom 8

73-80

EN

Many aspects of architecture (style, ornaments, urban planning etc.) are symbolic in nature, resulting in similarity between the art of erecting structures and language understood as the relationship between signifé and signifant.Hence, architecture has its own grammar, semantics and dialectic variants. The grammar is expressed in the context of articulation form and pattern language. The semantics can be found in the relatively more superficial aspects like metaphors likening this branch of art to books or the owners of specific buildings in their appearance or demeanour. Such an approach is shared across centuries and can be found for example in ancient and Victorian texts. Additionally, the message conveyed by buildings and structures might serve as a form of propaganda while many elements like styles, ornaments and locations depend on the ideas expressed by the architects and the founders. This aspect is common to various ideas, beliefs and societies, whether consciously or subconsciously. Moreover, the realisation of different styles of architecture varies depending on the times and the specific needs of the community in which a particular building is erected in the same way language may vary depending on similar factors. Thus, architecture presents the same qualities that are expressed by various dialects.

13

German reparations to Poland for World War II on global background

26%

Kostrzewa-Zorbas G.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2018

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tom R. 8, Nr 14

207--220

EN

No other country in the world suffered a greater measurable and verifiable loss of human and material resources than Poland during World War II in 1939-1945. According to the first approximation, the value of human and material losses inflicted to Poland by Nazi Germany amounts to 6.495 trillion US dollars of 2018. However, Poland never received war reparations from Germany. The article is a preliminary survey of the complex issue – conducted in an interdisciplinary way combining elements of legal, economic, and political analysis, because the topic belongs to the wide and multidisciplinary field of national and international security. Refuted in the article is an internationally popular myth that communist Poland unilaterally renounced German war reparations in 1953. Then the article discusses the global background of the topic in the 20th and 21st centuries – in particular, the case of Greece whose reparations claims Germany rejects like the Polish claims, and major cases of reparations actually paid: by Germany for World War I, by Germany to Israel and Jewish organizations for the Holocaust, by Japan for World War II – at 966 billion US dollars of 2018, the largest reparations ever – and by and Iraq for the Gulf War. The article concludes with a discussion of necessary further research with advanced methodology of several sciences, and of a possible litigation before the International Court of Justice – or a diplomatic solution to the problem of war reparations.

PL

Żaden inny kraj świata nie doznał tak wielkich, a możliwych do zmierzenia i weryfikacji strat w zasobach ludzkich i materialnych jak Polska podczas II wojny światowej w latach 1939-1945. Według pierwszych szacunków wartość strat ludzkich i materialnych zadanych Polsce przez nazistowskie Niemcy sięga 6,495 bilionów dolarów amerykańskich z 2018 roku. Jednak Polska nigdy nie otrzymała reparacji wojennych od Niemiec. Artykuł jest wstępnym studium skomplikowanego tematu – studium interdyscyplinarnym, łączącym elementy analizy prawnej, ekonomicznej i politycznej, ponieważ należy do szerokiej i wielodyscyplinarnej dziedziny bezpieczeństwa narodowego i międzynarodowego. Obalony w artykule zostaje popularny międzynarodowo mit, że komunistyczna Polska jednostronnie zrzekła się niemieckich reparacji wojennych w 1953 roku. Następnie artykuł przedstawia globalne tło tematu w XX i XXI wieku – w szczególności sprawę Grecji, której roszczenia odszkodowawcze Niemcy odrzucają tak jak roszczenia polskie, oraz przypadki wielkich reparacji realnie wypłaconych: przez Niemcy za I wojnę światową, także przez Niemcy dla Izraela i organizacji żydowskich za Holokaust, przez Japonię za II wojnę światową – japońskie reparacje, wynoszące 966 miliardów dolarów z 2018 roku, były największe w dziejach – i przez Irak za wojnę w Zatoce Perskiej. Artykuł kończy się przedstawieniem konieczności dalszych badań z użyciem zaawansowanej metodologii wielu nauk oraz zarysem możliwego procesu przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości w Hadze – lub dyplomatycznego rozwiązania problemu reparacji wojennych.