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1

The Avar-Khaganate Necropolis and Early-Medieval settlement features in Cierny Brod

100%

Zabojnik J.

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nr 1

95-142

EN

The author presents the results from his study of a part of necropolis in Cierny Brod dated to the Avar Khaganate period and the settlement features dated to the early-medieval period. The part of Avar-Khaganate necropolis is represented by 19 burials. Among them the equestrian grave 63 with a partial burial of the horse is exceptional. This is the second known case of such way of burying from the late phase of the Avar Khaganate on the territory of Slovakia, as till now the graves with partial burial of the horses were unambiguously dated to the early phase of the Khaganate. Their finds are the most frequent in the river Tisa basin. At the other regions of the Carpathian basin they are more or less rare. Important is also a collection of the finds from the grave (88), in which a cast bronze belt garniture was revealed. Among them a main belt strap-end is remarkable. Its front side is decorated with composition called 'fighting animals' or so-called 'three-piece ornament'. Exceptional presentation of this relatively frequent motif enables us to classify the strap-end to the 'Nyekladhaza type'. Its back side is decorated with a rather rare feather ornament. The set of the belt mounts included also the quadratic mounts with the pendants decorated with a griffon. The other graves had relatively poor equipment (simple ear-rings, beads, iron knives, sickles, etc.). Two wooden buckets, from which their iron platings were preserved, and a set of five pottery pieces represent the vessels. These were found in the children graves. They are mostly the winded exemplars. The part of the necropolis under study, on which probably relatively poor community buried their deceased members, can be dated to the first half of the 8th century. The early-medieval period is represented also by the settlement objects (one dwelling with two adjacent depressions and two pits). Considering absence of metal artefacts that could make their dating more precise, in their chronology we have to rely on dating of numerous pottery fragments. These allow us to classify the settlement objects only the general features to the end of the 9th and the 10th centuries.

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CONTRIBUTION TO ONE OF THE MIDDLE LA TENE FIBULA TYPES (Prispevok k jednemu z typov stredolatenskych spon)

88%

Breznanova G.

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nr 1

1-20

EN

Morphological and spatial analysis proved existence of local variants of fibulas belonging to the middle La Tene scheme with a conical target, which is decorated with a filigree imitation, on a foot that is. This type of jewellery is typical of Celtic material culture in the Carpathian basin of the LTC1 phase. In the text these fibulas are coded as BF-HID. Spatial analysis of the BF-HID fibulas has revealed that there were three 'centres' of their production in the Carpathian basin. Every one of them had characteristic means of expression. One centre was situated near the confluence of Sava and Danube rivers in present-day Serbia, where according to written sources the Scordisci tribal union was located. A local jewellery 'workshop' (workshops) manufactured fibulas with a foot bearing a target that was decorated with an openwork trefoil. Another manufacturing centre of the BF-HID type fibulas was situated in the upper Sava and maybe also Drava basins in today's Slovenia, where ancient annalists located residences of the Taurisci tribal union. Several variants of middle La Tene fibulas with openwork target decorated with pseudo-filigree S-shaped ornaments arranged mostly into a rosette are of local origin. Anyway, workshops in the both centres used to attach decorated targets to fibula foots by welding. Scordisci and Taurisci made these fibulas rather massive with the length of 55 mm and above. The third centre of production of the middle La Tene fibulas with the pseudo-filigree target on its foot has been proved in Transdanubia on the territory of the present-day Fejer comitat in Hungary. A conical target of the BF-HID type fibulas made in Transdanubian workshops had different number of concentric pseudo-filigree fibres. Its top was shaped into a rosette of small bumps - imitation of granulation. Targets of these fibulas were attached to foot with two rivets. The Transdanubian BF-HID type fibulas differ from those made in the Scordisci and Taurisci milieu also by their metric parameters. They were slighter, not longer than 40 mm.

3

Germanic Graves from Caka and Gbelce. Contribution to the Settlement of Southwestern Slovakia in the Roman Period

88%

Beljak J. , Kolnik T.

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nr 1

57-94

EN

The aim of this article is to present the finds from the necropolises in Caka and Gbelce, situated in the river Hron basin, in a connection with the contemporary life and at the same time to define their chronology and their position among the burial places of the Barbaricum in the central Europe. The finds from Caka and Gbelce are very important in the context of settlement of the lower river Hron basin in the Roman period as well as in the connection with the known historical events (the Marcomanic Wars) and the consequent cultural changes in the north Pannonian limit the artefacts that prove lively the inter-regional Teutonic contacts in the period around the Marcomanic Wars. These contacts can be observed northward with the region of the Przewor and Wielbar cultural circles as well as northwestward with the space of the Polabian cultural circle. The intensive contacts also with Roman provinces are documented by numerous Roman imports the grave equipment. During the Marcomanic Wars the Quadi took also the central river Hron basin, central Ipel basin and the territory southward the Danubian bend near the present-day town of Vac in northern Hungary. The so-called eastern Quadi enclave was established.

4

LAUTERHOFEN. STRUCTURES OF CEMETERY AND CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION TO ALTENERDING (Lauterhofen. Strukturen des Graberfeldes und chronologisches Verhaltnis zu Altenerding)

75%

Pleterski A.

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nr 1

61-80

EN

Lauterhofen lies northwest of Regensburg in Germany. A necropolis dating to the second half of the 7th and the first half of the 8th centuries is situated here. The paper first synchronises chronologically Lauterhofen with the cemetery Altenerding. This is possible due the development of glass-beads and saxes. In the second part of the paper the space-structures of Lauterhofen are analysed. The area of the cemetery is organized such that the place of burial could symbolize the gender, age and social status of the deceased. The measuring system of the necropolis corresponds with religious and astronomical foundations and furthermore, it repeats itself in the topography of the mythical surrounding landscape.

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HROB 1/68 NA POHREBISKU Z OBDOBIA AVARSKÉHO KAGANÁTU V RADVANI NAD DUNAJOM, V ČASTI ŽITAVA I. K PROBLEMATIKE FALER TYPU ŽITAVSKÁ TÔŇ

75%

Zábojník J.

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nr 2

319 – 335

EN

The article presents data concerning a grave´s content, which was retrieved in 1968. The grave pit was looming in a gravel pit wall. The grave belongs to the necropolis in which 82 burials were revealed during two preceding excavating seasons. In 23 of them riders were buried together with their horses. The grave 1/68 was one of them, but it was partially damaged by gravel mining and hence the grave pit shape and size could not be found. The grave was probably plundered as it was discovered during its emptying. Skeletons were preserved only in fragments. The grave orientation could not be fixed thoroughly. Presumably it was similar to that of other graves at the necropolis, i. e. approximately in the E – W or ESE – WNW direction. In addition to the fragments of skeletons, the grave pit included several finds. The most significant of them are three cast openwork bronze phaleras with zoomorphic decoration motif of raptor heads arranged to swastika. For these artefacts the term “phaleras of Žitavská Tôň” has been suggested. They are very much similar to the openwork circular ornaments, which use to be part of female grave goods. The both artefact categories can be dated into the 8th century. Other grave artefacts (engraved bosses, stirrup, bridle bit, buckle, spear, ceramic vessel) cannot be used for dating. The grave assemblage presented was a part of the necropolis, at which the deceased ranked to a superordinate social group were buried. In spite of remarkable secondary interventions into the graves during their plundering the necropolis in Radvaň nad Dunajom, part Žitava I offered extraordinary sumptuous archaeological monuments, such as sets of belt mounts or horse harness ornaments first of all. Gilded bronze artefacts were found in many graves. The luxurious artefacts comprised also iron phaleras inlaid with gilded copper plate. With its wealthy spectrum of types and shapes of artefacts, the necropolis ranks among significant sites of the Avar Khaganate period with their concentration on the northern bank of the Danube near Komárno.

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GRAVES WITH CEREMONIAL AND WORSHIP OBJECTS FROM THE KING’S SPRING NECROPOLIS IN ALBA IULIA, ALBA COUNTY

75%

Dragotă A.

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tom 65

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nr 1

163 – 175

EN

This article will focus on a very controversial subject related to the Christianization of Transylvania through a Byzantine pathway. The four worship objects, meaning three reliquary crosses and a small pectoral cross from the King’s spring necropolis in Alba Iulia, are solid proof a Byzantine mission in this area. The uniqueness of this necropolis comes from it being used by people from different ethnic communities (Magyars, Slavs, Romanic population) who were accepting Christianity. This is an area that catches best the passing from paganism to Christianity. Some local traditions and customs are kept (the presence of coal remains in the sepulchral pit, presence of ceramic offerings such as animal or egg offerings, the dressing of the pit with lithic material) together with the new Christian elements (position of the bodies, position of the arms). In addition to this there are several Byzantine objects and the funeral inventory (pentagram rings, cluster shaped earrings, pendants made using the granulation or the filigree technique). The renewal of Christianity in Transylvania is brought by the long disputed Hierotheus episode and the christianization of Gylas in Constantinople.

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POHŘEBIŠTĚ Z DOBY ŘÍMSKÉ VE VELATICÍCH

63%

Jílek J. , Kuča M. , Sojková T.

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nr 2

235 – 309

EN

The study is focused on evaluation of archaeological finds from the necropolis dated to the Roman period at Velatice (distr. of Brno-venkov) obtained within the years 1923 – 2000. Concerning the necropolis, only grave units comprising artefacts of chronological information value have been published up to now. At the burial ground, forty nine graves were discovered; forty seven of them were cremation burials and two inhumation ones. The dead were buried here within the time of the early to the late Roman periods. Most of the cremation burials are of the late to the final Roman period. The study includes all the archaeological and anthropological materials from the necropolis that we succeeded to obtain from deposits of various institutions and private collections until 2009. The analysis of the archaeological finds was complicated by their finding situations and lack of quality documentation in majority of grave units. The cremation burials that were excavated more recently were situated within the distance of 2 to 5 m; but there is no information on the arrangement of all graves at the burial site, therefore the space relations among the graves cannot be studied. Anthropological analysis of bone remains brought no sex determination of the deceased caused by lack of representative samples. The richest grave excavated at the site was the grave 9, which included artefacts of both the Germanic and Roman provenience. Sex of the buried individual cannot be determined thoroughly. The catalogue comprises of register of graves and finds including those from disturbed grave units as well as vessels without finding situations.