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1

Effect of time of season and neighbours on singing activity in the Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra

100%

Olinkiewicz A. , Osiejuk T. S.

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tom 38

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nr 2

EN

The seasonal pattern of singing activity was studied in the Poznań region, W Poland. Males sang from mid-March till late July with a song rate varying between 3.2 and 11.1 songs/min. Song activity peaked at the beginning of the breeding season, in late March and April. In following months males also sang at quite a high rate, but the probability of finding a singing male within the territory was lower. Males sang mainly from tree tops and power lines at a height between 8 and 10 m. Males with larger numbers of neighbours had a significantly lower mean song rate than those with a single neighbour. Most probably, males with more neighbours had to spend more time on more active and direct territorial defence, and/or listening to the song of other males. The pattern we found suggests that song is mainly used in territorial defence against rivals, and that it is used as a first line of defence. Nevertheless, this does not preclude its usefulness for attracting a mate.

PL

Badano śpiew (Fig. 1) lokalnej wielkopolskiej (okol. Poznania) populacji potrzeszcza. W okresie od marca do lipca 2001 wykonano 14 jedno- lub dwu-dniowych liczeń, w trakcie których spędzano po 10 minut w terytoriach 23 osobników. Podczas cenzusów rejestrowano intensywność śpiewu wybranego samca (liczba piosenek/min.), notowano również miejsce śpiewu i inne cechy związane z zachowaniem tego samca i jego sąsiadów. Samce śpiewały w terytoriach od połowy marca do końca lipca (Fig. 2), średnia intensywność śpiewu wahała się w poszczególnych dekadach od 3.2 do 11.1 piosenek/min. (Fig. 3). Stwierdzono występowanie jednego szczytu aktywności wokalnej, który miał miejsce na początku sezonu. Najwyższą intensywność śpiewu odnotowano w marcu, choć wtedy jedynie ok. połowa z wszystkich osobników była obserwowana w terytoriach. Przez cały kwiecień intensywność śpiewu była tylko nieznacznie niższa, za to ok. 70% samców śpiewało w terytoriach podczas kontroli. Po tym czasie średnia intensywność śpiewu malała sukcesywnie aż do końca sezonu (Fig. 4), choć był to w dużej mierze efekt zmniejszającej się frakcji samców śpiewających a nie spadek intensywności ich śpiewu. Stwierdzono, że samce z więcej niż jednym sąsiadem miały niższą średnią intensywność śpiewu, co jest najprawdopodobniej efektem częstszego angażowania się w bardziej bezpośrednie metody obrony terytorium (wypędzanie, przeloty demonstracyjne itp.) i/lub koniecznością spędzania relatywnie większej ilości czasu na słuchaniu potencjalnych rywali. Niniejsze wyniki wskazują, iż śpiew potrzeszcza używany jest głównie do obrony terytorium przed rywalami, ale stanowi jedynie pierwszą linię obrony, która musi być poparta innymi agresywnymi zachowaniami, szczególnie w warunkach większego zagęszczenia. Jednocześnie, nie wyklucza się, iż śpiew może odgrywać rolę w wabieniu samic, choć wydaje się, iż jest to funkcja drugorzędna.

2

Changes in breeding populations of six farmland bird species in Western Poland between 1987 and 2007

80%

Krajewska A. , Mizera T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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tom Vol. 58, nr 3

593-597

EN

The breeding populations of the Skylark Alauda arvensis, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra, Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, and Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio were censused by the mapping method on 315 ha of intensive farmland in W Poland. Results obtained in 2006 and 2007 were compared with previously published data from 1987 to 1997. Changes in habitat structure, mainly the decline of margin habitats, and the intensification of agricultural production, which both occurred between the two study periods, affected breeding bird populations; M. flava showed drastic long-term decreasing trends, and M. calandra increased significantly in number. The other four species showed yearto-year variation rather than directional trends. Numbers of A. arvensis declined from 1987 to the late 1990s and subsequently increased. Generally, population trends of the studied species were similar to those in other long-term study plots in Poland but differed from trends in Western Europe.

3

Habitat preferences and spatial overlap between three species of bunting (Emberiza hortulana, Emberiza cirlus, Militaria calandra) in farmlands of Central Italy

80%

Morelli F. , Pruscini F. , Santolini R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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tom Vol. 62, nr 2

361--371

EN

Buntings species are mainly associated to agricultural landscapes and constitute a high conservation concern because farmlands are ecosystems subject to rapid changes and may cause the loss of animal species in just a few years. We studied the occurrence of Ortolan Bunting, Cirl Bunting and Corn Bunting (Emberiza hortulana, Emberiza cirlus, Miliaria calandra) on farmlands of Central Italy, considering the landuse composition, crop typologies and several structural parameters of environment occupied by these species, as presence of power lines, road type and Shannon biodiversity index of landscape. Furthermore the geographical overlap among the three bunting species was studied, in order to find witch species show an habitat overlap. The study was carried out in central-eastern Italy, between the end of April and mid-July 2010, through 159 sampled sites, uniformly distributed on in the study area. Cirl Bunting is the most widespread species of Bunting in the farmlands that were studied. Ortolan Bunting and Corn Bunting are the two species with greater spatial habitat overlap, even though land-use composition in their territories was different. However, Ortolan Bunting can be found at a lower altitude range than Corn Bunting (less 550 m a.s.l.) and it is associated to territories with minor landscape heterogeneity. Preferences by crop types seem to be a possible cause of the spatial habitat overlap between Ortolan and Corn Bunting (both species had selected sugar beet, and coriander, avoiding mainly vegetables, vineyards and orchards). On the other hand, Cirl Bunting was less related to crop types.

4

Effect of change in land use on breeding bird communities in a Silesian farmland (SW Poland)

71%

Kopij G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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tom Vol. 56, nr 3

511-519

EN

Two study areas, 210 ha (A) and 120 ha (B), have been selected. Arable grounds dominated (92%) in the study area A, while meadows (63% in 1989 and 47% in 2003) - in the study area B. The changes in land use in both study areas have occurred in 2003 comparatively with 1989. In the study area A, an increase of the area with maize (from 1.1 ha to 38.4 ha) and oat (from 5.6 to 28.4 ha), and decrease in area of the rape (from 41.3 to 0.3 ha) and root plants (from 16.7 to 6.4 ha) have been recorded, while the clover and broad bean have totally disappeared as cultivated plants. In the study area B, a conversion of some dry meadows into arable grounds and an abandonment of more than half of the remaining area of meadows has been carried out. The landscape in the study area A was more fragmented in 1989 than in 2003, while in the study area B the reverse was true. On average, cereal areas increased - especially wheat (from 1.5 to 2.4 ha), maize (from 0.6 to 3.8 ha) and oat (from 0.6 to 1.9 ha), while rape areas decreased (from 2.0 to 0.3 ha). The mapping method has been employed to show the effect of these changes on breeding bird community in both years (1989 vs. 2003). In the study area A, density (pairs x 100[^-1] ha) of the Skylark Alauda arvensis (28.1 vs. 17.1) and Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris (12.9 vs. 2.4) has significantly decreased; while that of Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra (1.4 vs. 8.1) and gallinaceous birds (2.9 vs. 8.1) has significantly increased over the last 14 years. The most numerous species in the group of gallinaceous birds, the Common Quail Coturnix coturnix, probably benefits from the enlargement of oat and barley cultivations. The Skylark was negatively affected by the enlargement of study areas with cultivated plants, especially with the wheat and maize. The Corn Bunting has been, probably, positively affected by the enlargement of maize and barley cultivations, as well as from the warming effect. The decline of the Marsh Warbler could have been caused by the decrease of the area with rape cultivations but it may also reflect short-term fluctuations. In the study area B, only densities of the Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs and Blackbird Turdus merula have significantly increased, and no statistically significant declines were recorded. These increases can be linked to changes in the age structure of tree and shrub stands in the existing small forests, clumps and hedgerows, but these species show probably a general increase in numbers over large areas of farmlands in Poland and possibly in some other European countries.

5

Effect of change in land use on breeding bird communities in a Silesian farmland [SW Poland]

70%

Kopij G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 3

511-519

EN

Two study areas, 210 ha (A) and 120 ha (B), have been selected. Arable grounds dominated (92%) in the study area A, while meadows (63% in 1989 and 47% in 2003) – in the study area B. The changes in land use in both study areas have occurred in 2003 comparatively with 1989. In the study area A, an increase of the area with maize (from 1.1 ha to 38.4 ha) and oat (from 5.6 to 28.4 ha), and decrease in area of the rape (from 41.3 to 0.3 ha) and root plants (from 16.7 to 6.4 ha) have been recorded, while the clover and broad bean have totally disappeared as cultivated plants. In the study area B, a conversion of some dry meadows into arable grounds and an abandonment of more than half of the remaining area of meadows has been carried out. The landscape in the study area A was more fragmented in 1989 than in 2003, while in the study area B the reverse was true. On average, cereal areas increased – especially wheat (from 1.5 to 2.4 ha), maize (from 0.6 to 3.8 ha) and oat (from 0.6 to 1.9 ha), while rape areas decreased (from 2.0 to 0.3 ha). The mapping method has been employed to show the effect of these changes on breeding bird community in both years (1989 vs. 2003). In the study area A, density (pairs × 100⁻¹ ha) of the Skylark Alauda arvensis (28.1 vs. 17.1) and Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris (12.9 vs. 2.4) has significantly decreased; while that of Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra (1.4 vs. 8.1) and gallinaceous birds (2.9 vs. 8.1) has significantly increased over the last 14 years. The most numerous species in the group of gallinaceous birds, the Common Quail Coturnix coturnix, probably benefits from the enlargement of oat and barley cultivations. The Skylark was negatively affected by the enlargement of study areas with cultivated plants, especially with the wheat and maize. The Corn Bunting has been, probably, positively affected by the enlargement of maize and barley cultivations, as well as from the warming effect. The decline of the Marsh Warbler could have been caused by the decrease of the area with rape cultivations but it may also reflect short-term fluctuations. In the study area B, only densities of the Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs and Blackbird Turdus merula have significantly increased, and no statistically significant declines were recorded. These increases can be linked to changes in the age structure of tree and shrub stands in the existing small forests, clumps and hedgerows, but these species show probably a general increase in numbers over large areas of farmlands in Poland and possibly in some other European countries.

6

Importance of young shelterbelts for breeding avifauna in agricultural landscape [Turew area, West Poland]

60%

Kujawa K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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tom 52

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nr 4

EN

Protection of high biodiversity in an intensively farmed areas is strongly related to managing the diverse structure of a landscape, for example by planting shelterbelts. The study was aimed at recognition of avifauna dynamics in young (with the age of 1–4 years at the beginning of the study) shelterbelts (N=9) and at estimation of their importance for farmland birds. Bird density was estimated by mapping method in successive years 1996–2001 and the data were combined and analysed in respect to age of shelterbelts. Eighteen breeding species were found (5–8 pairs km⁻¹), among them most abundant were Corn Bunting (Miliaria calandra) (with dominance of 33%), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) (19%) and Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) (12%). No trend in the changes of species richness and total density was recorded. The density of species preferring building nests and/or feeding in herb layer (like Yellow Wagtail, Skylark Alauda arvensis and Whinchat Saxicola rubetra) decreased during study period while the density of species associated to higher layers of vegetation like Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) increased. According to earlier study, bird species richness and abundance in studied young shelterbelts were lower than in several dozens years old ones. However, in relation to species colonization both classes of shelterbelts (species building their nests on the ground or in low shrubs), young shelterbelts were as important as old ones.

7

Notatki przyrodnicze. Ptaki.

41%

Kasprzykowski Z. , Gorski A. , Mitrus C. , Rzepala M. , Kazmierczak B. , Kaliszewski I. , Maniakowski M. , Sulek J. , Nowakowski J. J. , Maniarski R. , Misiuna L. , Osojca G. , Sachanowicz K. , Kusiak P. , Wilniewczyc P. , Tabor J. , Polak M. , Antczak K. , Pagorski P.

Kulon

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1997

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tom 02

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nr 1

63-82