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EN
Macrophytes not only integrate environmental conditions but also reflect the trophic state of the aquatic environment through several metrics. The lack of knowledge on the biology and ecology of aquatic plants in Moroccan rivers makes it very difficult to establish a comprehensive and effective national metric for assessing the trophic state of rivers. Indeed, the use of one of the European methods, which have been the subject of geographical intercalibration projects across different countries, particularly those in the Mediterranean region, proves necessary. Given Morocco’s geographic location within the Mediterranean Basin, Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR) was chosen as a method to assess Moroccan running waters. Furthermore, it allowed answering a number of questions about the usage of biological metrics based on macrophytic communities throughout Morocco. The obtained results showed that the IBMR can provide an indication of the overall trophic state of the watercourse, but with well-defined conditions, namely stable hydrological conditions with a significant richness in contributing pollution-sensitive species. Although this macrophyte index showed correlations with the parameters responsible for eutrophication phenomena, it remained less effective in the face of the downgrading parameter. Thus, the particular context of Moroccan watercourses, namely the watercourses of the Upper Oum Er-rbia basin, and the major pitfall that still lies in the knowledge of the ecology of plant groups in Moroccan running waters, can pose a problem in the application of the IBMR index, especially with regard to ubiquitous species that dominate the downstream sites of the studied rivers.
EN
This paper describes the distribution of Ole e 3 allergen and its transcripts in the developing anther and in mature olive pollen. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses over the course of pollen development show that Ole e 3 transcripts accumulate exclusively in mature pollen. This gene therefore corresponds to a "late gene." The sequences amplified by RT-PCR display high identity with those already reported for Ole e 3, including two Ca2+-binding motifs. Immunoblot analysis of the allergen shows that Ole e 3 accumulates during the same stage as the corresponding transcripts, suggesting a transcriptional regulation mechanism for the expression of the gene. Finally, the use of transmission electron microscopy techniques has shown that (a) the allergen is located mainly in the vicinity of membrane systems and in the aperture regions of the mature pollen grain, and (b) Ole e 3 transcripts are detectable after using in situ RT-PCR. These data are significant clues to the biological roles of the protein in olive pollen biology. Such putative functions are discussed.
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