Gauging stations of meteorological networks generally record rainfall on a daily basis. However, sub-daily rainfall observations are required for modelling flood control structures, or urban drainage systems. In this respect, determination of temporal distribution of daily rainfall, and estimation of standard duration of rainfall are significant in hydrological studies. Although sub-daily rainfall gauges are present at meteorological networks, especially in the developing countries, their number is very low compared to the gauges that record daily rainfall. This study aims at developing a method for estimating temporal distribution of maximum daily rainfall, and hence for generating maximum rainfall envelope curves. For this purpose, the standard duration of rainfall was examined. Among various regression methods, it was determined that the temporal distribution of 24-hour rainfall successfully fits the logarithmic model. The logarithmic model’s regression coefficients (named a and b) were then linked to the geographic and meteorological characteristics of the gauging stations. The developed model was applied to 47 stations located at two distinct geographical regions: the Marmara Sea Region and Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Various statistical criteria were used to test the method's accuracy, and the proposed model provided successful results. For instance, the RMSE values of the regression coefficients a and b in Marmara Regions are 0.004 and 0.027. On the other hand, RMSE values are 0.007 and 0.02 for Eastern Black Sea Region.
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As a part of Istanbul Metropolis, Bağcılar has been one of the leading centers of developments in parallel with the developments in outward-oriented economy and industrialization in the 1980’s in Turkey. After these years of experiencing rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, the district has taken a look far from its earlier appearance. During this period of migration fact from suburbs to the cities, one of those who took the biggest share is Bağcılar. The purpose of this study is to determine the historical development of industrialization in Bağcılar and the causes of this development, its structure, and its sectors distribution. As an operation of a regional industry, this study handles the features of Bağcılar District Location, the factors that affect the industry in the District, the sectors distribution of industry and environmental issues.
In large irrigation projects, observing and evaluating groundwater depth (GWD) for crop production is crucial. To accomplish these goals, GWDs are measured over certain time intervals, especially during irrigation season, when depth and level maps are prepared and analyses on the target are made. These maps are used for a multi-year observation of GWD. In this study, we present an alternative method that can be used for multi-year lowest GWD evaluations. The method evaluated the spatial and temporal relationships among the classes of GWD in the study area, in their typical locations (areas where the GWD classes are most frequently located), and the alternative GWD classes in those locations in any of the years of the analyzed time-series. As a case study, the method was applied to data of the multi-year (1990–2000) GWD observations in the Mustafakemalpasa (MK P) irrigation project (19.370 ha), which is located in the Marmara Region (northwest Turkey). The most widespread typical GWD class for the analyzed time period was identified as GWD-III (between 101–200 cm), which covered 98.18% of the total area.
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