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EN
This paper aims to contribute to the theoretical discussion of Social Market Economy concept and his compatibility with the main premises of neoclassical economic goal of optimal economic efficiency. We will shortly discuss the historical and social context of Ordoliberalism and Freiburg school; subsequently apply the concepts of institutional economy and concepts of economic theory of democracy. The compatibility of normative institutional order and requirements of contemporary economic policy will be discussed in connection with topics as a social order and policy, social capital, economic policy decision making and state-market relations in modern democratic society.
EN
The role of a sovereign in a state is passing through a complicated development during the existence of the state. This development is not direct and gradual but sometimes it regresses to the previous evolutionary stages and subsequently it reverts to the modern and civilized forms (like other social phenomenon). Therefore there are both modern form of democracy and totalitarian regime in the state over several tens of years. The aim of this paper is dealing with the status of the sovereign in a modern democratic state system, not researching causes of mentioned phenomenon.
EN
Small parties can be recognized as very interesting phenomena of modern democracy. Nevertheless, they are often ignored by political scientists. Such approach may be recognized as quite reasonable because in most cases only the winners obtain influence on the decision-making process. This monopoly makes them naturally interesting for analysts. However, much scientific interest is attracted by green and radical parties that might certainly be treated as small ones. In this context the problem of defining ‘smallness’ becomes one of the greatest importance. Hitherto some research concerning small parties in Western Europe were conducted. Notwithstanding there were no such efforts made in Eastern European countries. It means that searching for the conceptualization of the ‘smallness’ in this region is still a challenging task. Moreover, small parties have a great impact on structure of competition in Eastern Europe as party systems of the region are in many cases much more fragmented than in Western European countries.
EN
The article is a part of considerations associated with civic education – the issue that attracts more and more attention in public debate related to the condition of modern democracy. The attitudes of citizens and citizenship see the individual, in fact the foundation of democracy – the most attractive model in light of changing civilization, as a remedy to the global crisis. The civic education in its formula has been institutionalized in Europe in terms of understanding the modern era of enlightenment of the state. The German model, which was presented in the article, shows a number of differences and the appropriate solutions, which – especially today – are interesting from the Polish point of view. The German education system has evolved since the civil subordinate to the state to shape attitudes oriented towards the civil society. This transformation is particularly interesting for Poland, which – despite two decades after the transformation of political democracy after 1989 – still does not have the functioning system of civic education. The object of research is also interesting because it freed itself from the traditional disciplines of education and upbringing, and became the subject of a wide range of sciences related directly or indirectly to the human being as the subject of changes in the modern world.
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