Introduction: Recently we identified in bone marrow (BM) by employing chemotactic isolation to SDF-1 gradient combined with real time RT-PCR analysis a mobile population of CXCR4+ BM mononuclear cells that express mRNA for various markers of early tissue-committed stem cells (TCSCs). In this study we evaluated whether TCSCs respond to other moto-morphogens, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Materials and Methods: We again employed chemotactic isolation combined with real-time RT-PCR analysis to assess whether murine and human BM contain TCSCs that respond to HGF and LIF gradients. We also evaluated expressions of HGF and LIF in damaged organs. Results: We noted that the number of TCSCs is highest in BM from young (1- to 2-month-old) mice and decreases in 1-year-old animals. Murine and human TCSCs 1) respond to HGF and LIF gradients in addition to an SDF-1 gradient, 2) reside in populations of BM-derived non-hematopoietic CD45? cells, and 3) are released (mobilized) from BM into the peripheral blood (PB) during tissue injury (e.g. after partial body irradiation). Conclusions: These findings further support our theory of the BM as a ?hideout' for TCSCs and we suggest that their presence in BM tissue should be considered before experimental evidence is interpreted simply as transdifferentiation/plasticity of hematopoietic stem cells. Since we demonstrated that not only SDF-1, but also HGF and LIF are upregulated in damaged tissues, we postulate that CXCR4+ c-Met+ LIF-R+ TCSC could be mobilized from the BM into the PB, from which they are subsequently chemoattracted to damaged organs, where they play a role in tissue repair/regeneration.
The study follows the development and results of the last rounds of mobilization for armed forces by the regime of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (recruits aged 1935 – 1944), carried out under strict control of the occupying authorities from December 1944 to March 1945. This way, the army should have achieved the official number of 53,433 men. However, in the chaos of the last days before liberation, it is difficult to ascertain the actual numbers. Analysing the reports by the occupying authorities as well as the authorities of public administration and self-government, the author observes mostly the reactions of the recruits. It is a fact that the situation in the army largely reflected the attitudes and moods of Slovak citizens at the end of the War. These were, of course, various. On one hand, there were the anti-fascist fighters, prosecuted persons, and on the other hand, there were the regime representatives or escaping members of the German minority. For most of the majority population, suffering of the war hardships, passivity and resignation was typical, combined with an effort to survive war with the least damage possible. That means, even regardless of their attitude to the topic of future post-war constitutional position of Slovakia. This may be demonstrated also by behaviour of the Slovak society in the context of the aforementioned mobilization measures. At the end of the War, the anti-German moods and demoralization was fully expressed in the army, which is also documented by an enormous growth of desertions, especially by the newly enlisted soldiers. These phenomena had deepened even more by the fact that under the conditions of approaching frontline and growing chaos, both the military and the civil authorities were no longer able to manage the technical aspects of mobilization.
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