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RISING OF THE SUN-GOD AS A MYTHOLOGICAL MOTIF: OLD AKKADIAN SEALS IN RELATION TO THE GILGAMESH EPIC

100%

Sedláček T.

Asian and African Studies

2015

tom 24

nr 2

190 – 210

Old Akkadian glyptic remarks various representations of the sun-god Utu/Shamash in the aspect of its rise. This cosmological moment is definable not only on the basis of attributes which the sun-god disposes, but also other visual features are presented which complete the colour of the rise. Presented elements have analogical versions in the text namely in the Akkadian Gilgamesh Epic. Other Mesopotamian texts with cosmologic elements are used as a supplement in the practise in the comparison of seals with Epic. Seals and Epic content have in common mythological motifs in the representation of (two-) mountain, cosmic gate and the figure of a scorpion-man. The topic of the article is the rate link between glyptic and the text in the way of listed motifs. Some of the influences cannot be totally excluded mostly if we speak about the scorpion-man. If these influences had occurred they were caused only from the sides of seals on the Epic because the latter is about one millennium younger. It seems that the analogical appearance of motifs is possible to assign to the dent of cosmological and mythological imaginations retold in Mesopotamia which were used for texts and glyptic.

ON THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF SUN KING IN ANATOLIA IN THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC (Paikesekuninga kontseptsiooni tekkest ja arengust Anatoolias II eelkristlikul aastatuhandel)

100%

Sazonov V.

Mäetagused

2009

tom 42

91-110

The concept of sun king was widely spread in ancient cultures, for example in Peru (among the Incas), India, and the Ancient Middle East already in the 2nd and 3rd millennium BC. In Ancient Egypt the perception of Pharaoh as the son of Ra and the sun king formed in the Old Kingdom by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. The king was identified with the sun already by Hittites, Babylonians, and Assyrians in the 2nd millennium BC. Among the Hittites, 'My Sun', which could be interpreted also as 'Majesty', became the most popular royal title. The first Assyrian ruler to adopt the epithet 'the Sun God of All People' was the despotic Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244-1208). Until now, some scholars have argued that the concept of sun king emerged in Mesopotamia and Anatolia under the influence of Egypt. This argument, however, has little ground because it is not likely, at least there is no record of it, that Egypt had contacts with Mesopotamia and Anatolia prior to the 3rd millennium BC, and by the 2nd millennium the contacts had been established but the influence of Egypt on Anatolia was rather limited. At the same time, the influence of Mesopotamia and the local Hattians, who had occupied Anatolia before the coming of Hittites, on the Hittite ideology was remarkable. Several concepts connected to Hittite royalty have been borrowed from Mesopotamia, and from Hattians. There is circumstantial evidence that the concept of sun king may have emerged at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer and Akkad, and from there spread to Anatolia. It cannot be ruled out, though, that the phenomenon may have emerged spontaneously and developed independently without major external influences.