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Identification of the non-professional territorial armed formations on the MENA Region

100%

Paszyn M.

2016

nr 1 (23)

121-145

Since the start of the "Arab Spring" ongoing socio-political destabilization of the MENA region, has led to the outbreak of numerous of an intra armed conflicts. An important role in these territorial conflicts play a non-professional armed forces - the militant organizations based on local material and human resources, operating on a specific area. To described type of military organizations include territorial defenseformations, tribal police, national guards and anti-government groups conducting military operations. The conflict, which illustrating in a comprehensive manner the role of these formations and the whole situation in the MENA region is a civil war in Syria. In that conflict in which a significant share of military actions has described formations, which can be found in the composition of each of the six warring parties (government forces, the forces of the Kurdish formations associated around the Free Army of Syria, Sunni groups, al-Nusra Front, the Islamic State). Increased involvement of operational forces of foreign countries and also increase the inflow of foreign volunteers, mainly serving in the armed Islamic State, led to the creation of national alliances in the descriptions formations. The deepening of this process is the expected step in the development of these armed organizations.

Upgrade in the MENA region: Cases of Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia

84%

Souhila Malti G. , Wafaa Berber B.

nr 2

61-68

The concept of upgrading is new in the economic literature, very few theorists are focused on explaining this concept, but all agreed on the relationship of upgrading with the competitiveness of companies. In the context of increasingly competitive environment the countries of the MENA regions including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco have established several programs to upgrade their businesses. Efforts to revitalize these programs have nevertheless been undertaken in recent years, raising hopes for a favorable impact on the competitiveness of companies. Moreover, we can say that the Tunisian upgrade program is called successful due to the involvement of his government and the importance given to vocational training. Conversely, Morocco seems to have adopted a more liberal approach, its government seeks to act on market imperfections. The Egyptian program is highly structured, with strong government control and intervention of two foreign bodies, the EU and UNIDO. The pre-selection of intervention areas is also an Egyptian specificity, as well as the payment of an incentive amount for each company.