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PL
Ryś jest w Polsce gatunkiem chronionym, ale bierna ochrona nie przyniosła dotąd zadowalających efektów. Zasięg występowania rysia zmniejszył się w północnowschodniej Polsce w ciągu ostatnich 20 lat. Ponieważ biologia rysia jest ściśle związana ze środowiskiem leśnym, podjęto próbę scharakteryzowania wybiórczości środowiskowej tego gatunku i określenia, jakie cechy otoczenia odgrywają rolę w ich podstawowych czynnościach biologicznych – polowaniu i odpoczynku. W tym celu przeanalizowano dane dotyczące charakterystyki środowiskowej miejsc odpoczynku i polowania rysi w Puszczy Białowieskiej uzyskane w trakcie badań telemetrycznych. Łącznie zlokalizowano 98 miejsc polowania i 80 miejsc odpoczynku 3 samców i 2 samic rysia oraz porównano je z opisem 81 miejsc losowych. W polowaniu szczególnie istotna okazała się duża liczba struktur ułatwiających podejście ofiary (zwalone pnie, wykroty, zarośla). Ważną rolę w polowaniu rysi odgrywały śródleśne polany z rozwiniętym runem i naturalnym odnowieniem z powodu ich atrakcyjności jako miejsca żerowania ssaków roślinożernych i dobrych warunków podchodzenia ofiar. Wykazano również, że miejsca zabicia ofiar charakteryzują się mniejszym zwarciem drzewostanu i większą widocznością niż miejsca ich późniejszego ukrycia. Miejsca odpoczynku charakteryzowały się gęstszym podszytem, większym zwarciem drzewostanu i niższym stopniem widoczności niż miejsca losowe. Młodniki były wybierane na odpoczynek częściej niż wynikałoby to z ich dostępności. Wyniki tych badań pokazują szczegółowe cechy środowiska, które zapewniają rysiom skuteczność polowania i bezpieczeństwo w trakcie odpoczynku. Na podstawie wymagań biologii rysia zaproponowano sposoby jego aktywnej ochrony poprzez odpowiednią restrukturyzację środowisk leśnych. Konieczność podjęcia takich działań jest szczególnie pilna na obszarach leśnych o uproszczonej strukturze lasu, które znajdują się w zasięgu potencjalnego występowania rysia w Polsce. Przebudowa struktury lasu w celu jej dostosowania do wymagań rysia może przyczynić się do zwiększenia jego liczebności, jak również do rozszerzenia zasięgu występowania gatunku.
EN
The lynx is a protected species in Poland, however, its passive protection have not brought satisfactory effects. The range of lynx has decreased in NE Poland during recent 20 years. As the lynx biology is strictly related to the forest habitat we attempted at describing the habitat selectivity of this species and determining, which traits of the environment are crucial for their basic biological functions – hunting and resting. For that we analyzed data on habitat characteristics in hunting and resting sites of lynx in Białowieża Forest obtained during telemetry research. In total 98 hunting and 80 resting sites of 3 male and 2 female lynx were found and compared with 81 random sites. The presence of high number of structures suitable for stalking (uprooted trees, fallen logs, bush) was particularly important for hunting. Small forest glades were also selected by lynx for their function as foraging sites of herbivores and good stalking opportunities. The actual killing sites had higher visibility than the sites where the prey was hidden. The lynx resting sites had lower visibility and denser undergrowth and tree stands than random sites. Young thickets were chosen by lynx more often than at random. The results show the detailed habitat characteristics that ensure the effectiveness of hunting and the safety when resting for the lynx. We propose some active conservation measures for the lynx in Poland corresponding to their biological requirements through relevant restructuring of the forest habitat. Such attempts are particularly urgent in the forests with simplified structure that occur in the potential range of the lynx in Poland. The restructuring of the forests in accordance with lynx requirements may contribute to increasing their numbers as well as to expand the range of the species.
EN
In march 2009 in the Słowiński National Park on Łebsko Spit presence of lynx Lynx lynx was noted. Around 200 lynx individuals occur in Poland, mainly in the southern and eastern part of the country. Observations made in Słowiński National Park are a first lynx record in a part of Poland advanced so much to the north. The nearest known location (data from 2001) is located about 120 km south from the coast
EN
Lynx Lynx lynx maternal behaviour and dispersal pattern were studied by radio -telemetry in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, E Poland from 1992-1995. From June­-July, 2 females with kittens used 1-4 dens per month, for 5 to 33 days each, Consecutively used dens were 1-3 km apart and were located in inaccessible places. Female movements were concentrated around the den at this time, Mothers left their kittens and returned to them, on average, 3 times per day. Mean time of female's absence from the den was 4 h 20 min. Mean den attendance averaged 4 hours. In August, kittens began to accompany their mother. At this time, each den was used for 2-3 days only and the distances between consecutive dens were 0.5—2 km. Dens were situated in places where a female killed large prey. In August, a female spent an average of 12 h 50 min with kittens, alternating with 4-h of absence. Subadults dispersed at 9-11 months of age, immediately after separation from their mothers. Four subadult males dispersed for 11, 39, 62 and 129 km from their natal ranges. Two subadult females dispersed for 5 and 9 km. Lynx that moved the farthest distances covered most of their routes during the first two months of dispersal, when they moved 20-32 km/month, compared to 3-11 km/month in the later period. Distant emigrations of two adult lynx (55 km by a male and 120 km by a female) were also recorded. Directions and routes of lynx dispersal and emigration were related to the contemporary distribution and availability of woodlands and forest corridors.
EN
During a study of Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Jura Mountains of Switzer­land, we observed a fight between a radio-collared adult female and an unmarked lynx. The resident female attacked the other lynx and finally drove it away.
EN
Two cases of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 175S) caching prey (roe deer Capreolus capreolus) jn trees were documented: in southeastern Polami in February 1996 and in southwestern Czech Republic in November 19911. Both carcasses were
Aura
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2002
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nr 11
23-25
EN
The beautiful large eurasian bobcat was thought to have been extinct in Western and Central Europe as recently as 1900. The decimated populations have survived only in the Pyrenees, the Balkans, Carpathians and Scandinavia. For the last thirty years, there have been attempts at reintroducing the bobcat to Jura and the Alps, each with differing success. The author describes the geographical distribution and number of the bobcat populations, as well as the reasons for their decrease and the recreation programme in the Alps.
PL
Piękny wielki drapieżnik ryś eurazjatycki jeszcze przed rokiem 1900 został niemal całkowicie wytrzebiony na zachodzie i w centrum Europy. Szczątkowe populacje pozostały tylko w Pirenejach, na Bałkanach, w Karpatach i w Skandynawii. Od trzydziestu lat prowadzone są z różnym powodzeniem próby reintrodukowania rysia w Jurze i w Alpach. Autorka omawia zmiany zasięgu i liczebności rysia, przyczyny wymierania oraz program odnowy populacji w Alpach.
EN
Turkey is being a bridge between Europe and Asia and it provides the natural pathway for the spread of species between these continents. The Beydağları Mountains and its surroundings (Antalya) host many Asian, European and Mediterranean faunal and floral elements and the location, which is considered as one of the most important faunal areas in Turkey especially for larger mammals. The study is the first systematic survey of the carnivores in the region which is based on photo trapping. The cameras were set at 45 locations for 2055 trap days between 2005–2009 over the area 294 km2 at the altitude 1200–2000 m a.s.l. Most of the species and their individual abundance were recorded in maquis habitat type followed by red pine forest, mixed (red pine and maquis), and cedar forest respectively. The wild animals that were captured included five mammalian carnivore species (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, stone marten Martes foina, gray wolf Canis lupus and caracal Caracal caracal) and also wild boar Sus scrofa, fallow deer Dama dama and hare Lepus europaeus. Photo trapping activity was mostly recorded between 21:00 and 03:00 hours. Wild terrestrial carnivores occur at low densities in the study area (1.73 for caracal and 0.9 for wolf ind.100 km-2) while the most widespread larger mammal was the wild boar (188 ind.100 km-2). The small fallow deer population was mainly confined in a large (4.2 km2) fenced enclosure and its size was accessed by direct drive count. The results support the hypothesis that Beydağları Mountains having the Asian, European and Mediterranean mammals makes the Anatolian Peninsula being a bridge between Europe and Asia. Caracal density was lower than the Datca population in the southern part of Anatolia. This may be consequence of higher human activities in the Beydağları Mts. Human activities in the Beydağları Mts. Should be reduced for sensitive animals to human activities like caracal and wolf and the illegal hunting should be strictly prohibited in the area for viability of the large mammals of Beydağları Mts.
EN
Carnivores are often particularly sensitive to landscape fragmentation. Ecological corridors may help to connect local populations, ensuring gene flow and retaining viable meta-populations. We aimed to establish habitat suitability models for two large carnivores in Poland, the grey wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 and the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758, based on ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA). Secondly, we calculated least cost paths (LCPs) based on cost values obtained from ENFA. Thirdly, we determined structures that might act as barriers, thus diminishing the value of the corridor unless appropriate conservation measures are taken. We compared some of the results with actual dispersal data of four lynx in eastern Poland. Results indicate that both species are highly marginalised. Less habitat that is currently available in Poland is suitable for lynx than for wolves. We determined a total of 76 LCPs. Comparison of these theoretical corridors with actual dispersal routes suggests that the traits of calculated LCPs are mostly within the range of those of real routes. We highlight a variety of features that might act as barriers, such as major roads (including planned highways), urbanized areas, and large un-forested areas. We give suggestions where concerted conservation efforts (eg wildlife passages) might be particularly well-directed.
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