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EN
English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) comes originally from England, where it has been grown since 1680. The study presents the most important morphological and biological features of Lolium perenne. Because of those mostly positive features Lolium is very suitable to different turf use (on gazons, sport fields, recreations area and so on) Lolium perenne is able to produce more than 10 thousand tillers per 1 m², has a good ability to different management, good response for nitrogen fertilisation and it is resistance for low and frequently cutting. Some of Lolium disadvantages do not change the opinion that it is one of the most important turf grasses in Poland and Europe.
EN
On the ground of bibliography in this paper were presented numerous results of investigations on the point of Lolium perenne occurrence in Poland, in the sward of permanent grassland in Poland, according to the natural and anthropogenie factors. Lolium perenne was of frequent occurrence in Poland in the different habitats of permanent grasslands. The most favorable conditions Lolium perenne finding in the low pastures sward of Lolio-Cynosuretum association and in the excessively treaded down sward of Lolio-Plantaginetum association. The main factors reducing the oceurrence of Lolium perenne sward of permanent grassland are: low temperatures of air (especially in the early-spring period), excess or indigence of water in the soil, excess or indigence of elements in the soil, mowing use or excessive grazing, in the mountain altitude of 700 m a.s.l. and high rivalry of concurrent species.
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Content available Perspektywy hodowli Lolium perenne
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EN
Lolium perenne is a species characterized by wide adaptive variability. This feature is responsible for creative breeding of fodder and turf varieties. This species has been bred for more than 100 years. During this time dozens of fodder varieties were produced with the use of classic breeding methods. The varieties were characterized by high feeding qualities. Besides, many turf varieties were with excellent utility and visual qualities were produced. New trends in biotechnology, especially in molecular diagnosis and genetic engineering, create many opportunities for widening the genetic variability for the breeding of new, improved and specialized varieties.
EN
The paper contains the results of field and laboratory experiments on three Lolium perenne L. turfgrass cultivars (Gazon, Nira and Sandra) at Malopolska Plant Breeding Station (HBP) in Skrzeszowice near Krakow (220 m a.s.l.) conducted in the years 2006–2008. The analyses assessed the effect of doses of mineral fertilization with nitrogen (60, 90 and 120 kg N ha–1) applied at early spring, the start of the earing stage and autumn on the seed yield. The highest yield was monitored by the inflorescence shoot density of cv. Nira (1895 shoots/m2), cv. Gazon (1976 shoots/m2) and cv. Sandra (2098 shoots/m2). Fertilization dose of 90 kg N ha–1 applied three times effected the most considerably the number of spikelets per ear and the efficiency of seed settling on the ear: from 73 % (cv. Nira) to 76 % (cv. Sandra). The highest seed yield was obtained as a result of the 120 kg N ha–1 fertilizations applied three times.
PL
Praca zawiera zestawienie wyników badań polowych i laboratoryjnych przeprowadzonych w Stacji Małopolskiej Hodowli Roślin - HBP w Skrzeszowicach koło Krakowa (220 m n.p.m.) w latach 2006-2008 z trzema gazonowymi odmianami życicy trwałej (Gazon, Nira, Sandra). W badaniach poddano ocenie wielkość dawki nawożenia mineralnego azotem (60, 90, 120 kg N ha-1) oraz termin jego stosowania (wczesnowiosenny, początek kłoszenia i jesienny), na wielkość plonu nasion. W przeliczeniu na 1 m2 uzyskanie największego plonu nasion zapełniała obsada pędów kwiatowych: 1895 u odmiany Nira, 1976 u odmiany Gazon oraz 2098 u odmiany Sandra. Nawożenie azotem w dawce 90 kg N ha-1 zastosowanej w trzech terminach: wczesnowiosennym, na początku kłoszenia i jesiennym najbardziej zwiększało liczbę kłosków w kłosie oraz efektywność osadzania nasion w kłosie od 73 % u odmiany Nira do 76 % u odmiany Sandra. Największy plon nasion uzyskano pod wpływem dawki 120 kg ha-1, zastosowanej w trzech terminach: wczesnowiosennym, na początku kłoszenia i jesiennym.
FR
Replicated three times, the research was conducted in the experimental field between 2011 and 2014. Three soil conditioners with the following trade names: UGmax, Eko- Użyźniacz, and Humus Active Papka were used in the experiment, separately or together with NPK fertilisers. They were all used on plots sown with two species of grass, Dactylis glomerata of the Bora variety and Lolium perenne of the Info variety. The plant material from both grass species was tested for the concentration of ADL fraction (% DM), cellulose (% DM), and hemicellulose (% DM). It was found that the concentration of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and the ADL fraction was significantly higher in the biomass of Dactylis glomerata than in the biomass of Lolium perenne. The grass from the plot with the UGmax soil conditioner applied had the highest amount of cellulose and hemicellulose. The lowest amount of those organic compounds was found in the grass treated with UGmax together with mineral fertilisers and in plants treated with Humus Active, together with mineral fertilisers. However, the fertilisers and conditioners did not increase the ADL content in both grass species.
EN
Lolium perenne is unique in its advantageous chemical composition, considerable palatability and high digestibility. This high assessment is also corroborated by Polish investigations. Moreover, this evaluation is the result of high energetic value of forage obtained from Lolium perenne plantations. It is possible to obtain high quality ryegrass sward in Polish climatic and soil conditions, provided appropriate treatment of grasslands is assured, in particular, its proper utilization. It must be remembered that this grass is susceptible to thermal and water stresses, which may not only modify plant chemical composition but also decrease its persistence. Therefore, the utilization of this grass in Poland for animal nutrition is determined not only by its chemical properties but also by plant persistence and, associated with it, risk of its cultivation.
EN
From among different possibilities of Lolium perenne use in green areas, this species is most useful for transferable sod production which can by applied for interior decoration (pavilions, exhibitions) as well as for the decoration of hardened open space in towns (squares, pavements, terraces), also for arranging ornamental lawns in gardens, and for strengthening the surface of slopes and heaps in green areas and side space in road building. The basic species for transferable lawns preparing are: Lolium perenne with the cultivars ‘Gazon’, both creating a strong root system, which is a main condition of compactness indispensable for transportation the sod to the place of its destination.
EN
The contents of organic and mineral components in 18 cultivars of Lolium perenne L. were compared. The result of chemical analyses came from two Experimental Strain Test Stations: at Śrem (Great Poland) and at Bukówka (Sudetic Mountain Region). Chemical analyses of the first outgrowth of the cultivars were carried out in the first year of full utilization (1997). The plants were cut down at full heading stage of the cultivars. The contents of N-free extract compounds in all the cultivars coming from the Sudetic Mountain Region appeared higher than those in samples from the Great Poland. At both the Stations the tetraploid cultivars were characterized by an above average content of N-free extract. Inverse relations were found in case of the quantity of fibre and ash components. The average contents of total protein were similar in both the habitats. The cultivars from the Sudetic Mountain Region were characterized by a greater amount of metabolic energy (from 10.79 to 11.94 MJ in 1 kg of DM). It could have been influenced by a higher amount of N-free extract compounds contained in the plant mass of all the cultivars, what has been corroborated by a higher value of the coefficient of correlation between the amount of metabolic energy and N-free extract. The cultivars 'Anduril', 'Barylou', 'Bravo' and 'Canasta' appeared to have been off less feeding value (as expressed by means of Emetabol) irrespective of habitat. Now, above-average feeding value was found in the cultivars 'Barezane', 'Kelibia', 'Hercules' and 'Solen'. Stronger response to the habitat conditions was that of the cultivars 'Arka', 'Fanda' and 'Napoleon'.
EN
The aim of this study is to show the role of Lolium perenne L. in the carpet plant communities which develop on trampled places such as: roadsides, wastelands, playgrounds, sport fields, lawns, railway areas in the Upper Silesian Industrial District. In order to recognise plant communities there were made 120 phytosociological relevés. There were recognized 5 plant communities which are built mainly by annuals from Polygono-Poëtea class (Polygonetum calcati, Sagino-Bryetum, Puccinellio-Chenopodietum, Poëtum annuae, Matricario-Polygonetum) and 5 in structure of which the main role play hemicryptophytes from Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, Trifolio-Plantaginetalia order, Cynosurion (Lolio-Plantaginetum, Juncetum macri), and Agropyro-Rumicion (Potentilletum anserinae, Potentilletum reptantis, Odontites serotine community) alliances. In carpet plant communities occur from 3 to 25 grasses, and their participation in the floristic list range from 12% to 32%. Lolium perenne was recorded in almost each plant community with the exception of Sagino-Bryetum. The highest percentage participation in the plant cover it has in Odontites serotina community and Lolio-Plantaginetum phytocoenoses. In the lalter one it has it ecological optimum.
EN
Seed production in warmian-mazurian voivodeship has signify position in Poland and considering that favourable nature terms and relatively satisfied yields this position seems to be solid. The main species in grass seed production on this area is perennial ryegrass, particularly ‘Nadmorski’ (‘Naki’) cultivar. Increasing number of plantation is a positive fact, as also area stabilization of gazon cultivars, particularly ‘Stadion’ cultivar. Seed production of perennial ryegrass is concentrated in Iława, Ostróda and Nowe Miasto districts - above 80% seed plantation area. This is zone of Rolimpex S.A. activity – the biggest contracting party of seed grasses, particularly perennial ryegrass in voivodeship.
EN
Tests in 1996-2002 were carried out to evaluate the usefulness of 8 cultivars and strain of Lolium perenne L. (Polish - 'Anna', 'Arka', 'Maja', 'Rela'. 'Solen' and strain SZD-291 as weil as Dutch - 'Baristra', 'Barezane' and 'Barlano' ) to mixtures for cutting performance under peat-bog soil conditions. No influence of perennial ryegrass (30-35% of share in mixtures) on significant differentiation of dry matter yields in relation to those without that species was recorded. The share of perennial ryegrass in achieved fodder was significant during first 4-6 years after sowing (about 20-45%), which ensured higher stability of species composition of meadow sward with tendency to decreasing in last years. Share of perennial ryegrass in meadow sward mixtures systematically decrcased in last years. Durability of the species significantly depended on included cultivars. 'Anna', 'Maja', 'Solen', 'Barlano' and 'Baristra' were characterized with higher and more stable share in sward during studies as compared to 'Arka', 'Rela' and 'Barizane' cultivars.
EN
On the basis of 4000 phytosociological surveys taken using the Braun-Blanquet method, it was found that Lolium perenne occurs in meadow-pasture communities of 5 phytosociological classes, namely: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Phragmitetea, Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentic, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae and Agropyretea intermedio-repentis. The highest proportion of this species occurred in Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, which is associated with site conditions and the level of utilisation. The share of Lolium perenne in the identified communities showed variations between river valleys. It was found to occur most frequently and numerously in valleys of such smaller rivers as: the Barycz, the Rów Ostroroski, the Mogilnica, the Sama Szamotulska. The development of degradation forms of communities in the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class containing Lolium perenne was associated mainly with the impact of the anthropogenic factor, in particular with limited fertilisation and grazing (sometimes with its complete abandonment). In communities of the remaining classes, the factor limiting the share of Lolium perenne was site conditions, primarily poor soil fertility and different ways of utilisation. In areas situated at foothills and seaside, Lolium perenne occurs less frequently and at a lower share in meadow-pasture communities, which can be associated with utilisation intensity and non-forage functions.
EN
Lolium perenne L. is the most attractive and widespread grass species used to prepare lawn mixtures applied in the temperate zone. This extensive utilisation of the species is the function of its valuable biological and use properties. The ability of this grass to develop numerous vegetative shoots as weil as its strongly developed root system assure Lolium perenne a share in the sward of both extensive lawns and very intensively utilised grass carpets. Long-term perspectives for Lolium perenne as a turf grass rest, primarily, in the breeding of specialised cultivars. When developing breeding programs, breeders utilise the considerable variability of biological and morphological traits of this grass species. It has already been possible to create cultivars which develop very rapidly after sowing, e.g. 'Darius' or cultivars which form exceptionally dense turf which can withstand even very intense trampling, e.g. 'Margarita'. According to our own investigations, differences in the dynamics of turf compaction may reach several dozen percent. One of the unique properties of the newly developed cultivars is their capacity to rapidly develop new stalks and leaf-blades after turf damage, the so-called turf exhaustion. One of the effects of performed breeding work is the development of Lolium perenne cultivars characterised by very narrow leaf blades, comparable with the width of leaf-blades of Festuca rubra. A good example of such a cultivar is 'Bargold'. In the process of reclaiming difficult areas, where access is limited, slower rates of biomass regrowth of over-ground parts after cutting are essential. The most useful for this purpose are cultivars of Lolium perenne whose daily height regrowths, in periods of most intensive growth, (in May, at the beginning of September) do not exceed 0.6 cm. As a rule, late cultivars are characterised by slower increment of over-ground biomass.
EN
The effectiveness of perennial ryegrass plantations, and hence their profitability, depends, to a considerable extent, on the specificity of the reproduced cultivar. The most appropriate strategy for maintaining high seed yields of new grass cultivars, apart from the improvement of their fodder and lawn aspects, is to seek to obtain the highest seed yield calculated per one generative shoot. In order to increase the efficiency of perennial ryegrass seed plantation it is necessary, apart from the improvement of the seeding aspect of a given cultivar by way of breeding work, also to improve technology of their cultivation. This target can be reached by optimization of agrotechnical factors stimulating biological reproductive potentials of cultivars. Results of own studies indicate that there is an optimal state of nitrogen concentration of perennial ryegrass plants in successive growth stages, which guarantees obtaining the highest seed yields on plantations. In the case of ‘Maja’ cultivar, the content of nitrogen in leaf blades at the beginning of vegetation should amount to 47 g kg⁻¹ DM and at the car initiation - 51 g kg⁻¹ DM. in the case of ‘Anna’ the optimal concentration of nitrogen in leaf blades were 54 and 57 g kg⁻¹ DM, respectively. Another very important factor is the determination of the optimal time and method of harvest as they affect the level of losses of the produced seed yield. The optimal time of seed harvest on perennial ryegrass plantations is the drop of sugars in kernels to the level of 5% DM. The increase of yields from seed plantations of Lolium perenne is a strategic matter for Polish grass seed production, which constitutes an important segment of the domestic seed industry.
EN
The aim of the studies carried out in the years 1986-1998 was determination of habitat factors, which are favourable for Lolium perenne persistency on peat-muck soils. The investigations were conducted in three experiments established on meadows and pastures. Two of them were set up after conventional tillage, another one by direct reseeding of seed mixtures in the old sward with special seeders. Lolium perenne was one of the mixture components. Content of that species in the mixture depended on kind of experiment and ranged 15-50%. There was confirmed that perennial ryegrass can be useful to grass communities on moderately moist peat-muck soils, especially for pasture use. Regeneration of that species after frost killing was faster under pasture utilization. Favourable thermal conditions at winter and moderate moisture of soil, preceding winter period, and also adequate method of grassland reseeding are the factors affecting good persistency of Lolium perenne in the sward on peat-muck soils. To avoid perennial ryegrass domination in the sward in sowing year content that species in the mixture should not exceed 20%.
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