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tom 30(30)
22-39
EN
The aim of the paper is to try to determine the essence of the new face of armed conflict. Liberia is the main point of reference in the analysis for two reasons. Firstly, Liberia is the oldest independent republic on the African continent and its establishing is linked to paradoxical events begun in 1821, when black people settling in the vicinity of Monrovia, former slaves liberated from South American cotton plantations, reconstructed a slave-like type of society, taking local, poorly organised tribes as their subjects. Secondly, Liberia proves that the intensity of changes in armed conflict does not have to be strictly dependent on the size of the land: a country of small geographical size can equal or even exceed countries with several times larger surface in terms of features of “new wars”. In 1989 in Liberia, the nine-year presidency of Samuel Doe, characterised by exceptional ineptitude and bloody terror, led to the outbreak of clashes between government forces and the opposition from National Patriotic Front of Liberia, led by Charles Taylor. Thus, the first civil war in Liberia was begun, that lasted until 1997 and became an arena of mass violations of human rights, leaving behind 150,000 dead victims and about 850,000 refugees to neighbouring countries.
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tom Vol. 30, no. 6
27--44
EN
The fast-fashion business model is marred by high resource consumption and enormous emission of greenhouse gases. It is based on inaccurate forecasts, resulting in excess supply than demand. Globally, 85% of two-week-old garments end up as unfashionable or worn-out items that must be discarded as waste, disposed of for recycling, or donated to charities. With this colossal increase in textile waste, resource efficiency is one of the biggest challenges facing the fashion industry, which now calls for a swift implementation of a new sustainable business and consumption model to extend product life cycles. This demand for sustainable consumption encourages consumers to reuse, recycle and resell. The resell campaign known as second-hand clothing is a growing market worldwide. Current global forecasts predict a 185% increase over the next ten years, compared to FF, which will expand by just 20%. Africa is a top destination, with more than 80% of its population wearing SHCs. We contribute to this literature by assessing the significance of SHC trade in Liberia. We extend this assessment by developing a hybrid MCDM tool incorporating AHP, fuzzy logic, Ensemble, and TOPSIS to build a SWOT framework to identify criteria and sub-criteria for prioritizing SHC retailing in Liberia and Africa. Data for this study were gathered from a survey involving 100 SHC retailers from the Red-Light, Waterside, Duala, and Omega markets in Monrovia, Liberia. We identified several important factors in implementing sustainable SHC and recommended strategic directions towards their successful implementation.
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