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1

Aetosaur pes from the Upper Triassic of Krasiejów (Poland), with remarks on taxonomy of isolated bones

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Górnicki S. , Antczak M. , Bodzioch A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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tom Vol. 91, No. 4

389--396

EN

The incomplete, articulated, right pes of an aetosaur, extracted from the lower bone-bearing horizon of the Krasiejów Late Triassic site, is larger than any other, known from among the Aetosauria. Its individual bones resemble those of at least three genera: Desmatosuchus (astragalus), Typothorax (ungual phalanges), and Stagonolepis (metatarsals). This underscores the highly speculative nature of the taxonomical classification of isolated postcranial bones and makes it impossible to assign the limb to any particular genus. The phalangeal formula is 2-3-4-5-?; for the fifth finger: 2/3/4 is possible. The anatomy of the pes indicates adaptation for digging.

2

Age and correlation of Late Triassic tetrapods from southern Poland

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Lucas S. G.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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tom Vol. 85, No. 4

627--635

EN

Age assignments of Triassic tetrapod fossils can be achieved by direct reference to a scheme of Triassic land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVFs) that correlates Triassic tetrapod fossil assemblages to each other based solely on the tetrapod fossils. Correlation of Triassic tetrapod assemblages to the standard global chronostratigraphic scale (SGCS, the “marine timescale”) is a separate cross correlation between the vertebrate biochronology and marine biochronology that usually relies on other data (e. g., palynostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, radioisotopic ages) to be completed. Late Triassic tetrapod fossils in southern Poland are found at two stratigraphic positions, the Krasiejów and Lisowice levels. The tetrapod assemblage of the Krasiejów level is assigned to the early Adamanian LVF based primarily on the stratigraphic overlap of the phytosaur Parasuchus with the Adamanian index aetosaur Stagonolepis. The amphibians Cyclotosaurus and Gerrothorax, a Proterochersis-like turtle and the aetosaur Paratypothorax from the Lisowice level indicate it is assignable to the Revueltian LVF. Cross correlations to the SGCS are less definitive, but suggest that the Krasiejów level is late Carnian and the Lisowice level is early/middle Norian. However, this correlation of the Krasiejów level is confounded by disagreements over correlation of the marine Carnian–Norian boundary to nonmarine strata. Indeed, the possibility that the Krasiejów tetrapods fill a gap in the early Norian record of tetrapods merits consideration. Such difficulties emphasize the value of correlating tetrapod assemblages to each other using a land-vertebrate biostratigraphy/biochronology, instead of immediately attempting the more problematic correlation to the SGCS.

3

In quest of cyrtocrinid origins: Evidence from Late Triassic ossicles from the Tatra Mountains

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Salamon M. A. , Gorzelak P. , Zaton M.

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nr 1

171-174

EN

We report cyrtocrinid (Crinoidea) ossicles from the Rhaetian (Late Triassic) of the Tatra Mountains (southern Poland). The columnals are high, the facets are covered with thick crenulae and the latera are concave. Such features of symplectial articulation and latera distinguish them from the columnals of other Triassic crinoids (i.e., millericrinids and encrinids) and therefore we consider they belong to Cyrtocrinida. The oldest representatives of cyrtocrinids were known from the Early Jurassic, therefore the presented material constitutes the oldest world record of these crinoids to date. We speculate that perturbations related to the global mid−Carnian extinction combined with predation intensity observed in the Middle– Late Triassic have been involved in early origin of Cyrtocrinida.

4

Evidence for a very low-energy fluvial system: a case study from the dinosaur-bearing Upper Triassic rocks of Southern Poland

75%

Gruszka B. , Zieliński T.

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2008

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tom Vol. 52, No 3

239-239

EN

The Upper Triassic succession in S Poland in which dinosaur bones have been found consists predominantly of siltstones and claystones. Three units are distinguished. The lower most and the upper most units reflect an alluvial environment, whereas the middle one represents lacustrine facies. The lower alluvial unit is interpreted as a record of ephemeral, sinuous, suspended-load channels with rapid vertical accretion. Channel barforms are lack ing. The environmentis interpreted as a low-en ergy anastomosing fluvial system. The clayey middle unit is interpreted as having formed in a wide long-lived lake. The top of the lacustrine deposits shows signs of vertisol-type pedogenesis, most probably under subtropical conditions, with seasonally-inuced wet and dry intervals. The upper unit reflects a low-energy meander ingriver system. Silty point bars were abundant and the channels migrated freely. The energy level of this fluvial system was slightly higher than that of the earlier one, which is interpreted as an effect of base-level lowering in combination with an increasingly humid climate. The al most exclusively silty/clayey alluvial deposits represent an exceptionally rare facies. The drainage basin must have been an extremely flat lowland. The presence of vertebrate bones within the anastomosing and meandering river deposits indicates that low-en - ergy alluvial plains were apparently favourable habitats for both reptiles and amphibians during the Late Triassic: under the subtropical, seasonally dry conditions, the animals must have preferred moist lowareas, i.e. the flood basins and abandoned channels on the flat valley floors.

5

A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

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Niedzwiedzki G. , Sulej T. , Dzik J.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 2

EN

We describe a new large predatory archosaur, Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic (latest Norian–early Rhaetian; approximately 205–200 Ma) of Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit) in southern Poland. The length of the reconstructed skeleton is 5–6 m and that of the skull 50–60 cm, making S. wawelski larger than any other known predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of central Europe (including theropod dinosaurs and “rauisuchian” crurotarsans). The holotype braincase is associated with skull, pelvic and isolated limb−bones found in close proximity (within 30 m), and we regard them as belonging to the same individual. Large, apparently tridactyl tracks that occur in the same rock unit may have been left by animals of the same species. The highly autapomorphic braincase shows large attachment areas for hypertrophied protractor pterygoideus muscles on the lateral surface and a wide, funnel−like region between the basal tubera and basipterygoid processes on the ventral surface. The skeleton (cranial and postcranial) possesses some features similar to those in theropod dinosaurs and others to those in large crocodile−line archosaurs (“rauisuchians”), rendering phylogenetic placement of S. wawelski difficult at this time.

6

The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts

63%

Szaniawski H.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2009

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tom 54

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nr 4

EN

Conodonts, a large group of tiny extinct marine animals ranging in age from the Late Cambrian to Late Triassic (ca. 500 to 200 Mya), are usually considered as jawless vertebrates. Their only commonly occurring fossilized remains are minute, phosphatic, teeth−like elements of their feeding apparatuses. In most of the early conodonts the elements were conical and strongly elongated. Many of them are characterized by possession of a deep, longitudinal groove, usually associated with sharp edges or ridges. A comparative study of the grooved elements and venomous teeth and spines of living and extinct vertebrates strongly suggests that the groove in conodonts was also used for delivery of venom. Structural convergence of the conodont apparatus Panderodus with the grasping apparatus of chaetognaths, a group of extant, venomous invertebrate predators of similarly ancient origin, provides additional support for this conclusion.

7

Cynodont teeth from the Carnian [Late Triassic] of Northern Italy

63%

Renesto S. , Lucas S. G.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2009

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tom 54

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nr 2

357-360

EN

A jaw fragment with three teeth preserved, collected from the Gorno Formation (Carnian, Upper Triassic) of Lombardy (Italy) is described. The teeth are transversely elongated, threecusped and bear anterior and posterior cingula. Their overall morphology supports their identification as postcanines of a “eucynodontian”. The unique tooth morphology of the new specimen supports its attribution to a new genus and species, while at the same time precluding positive assignment to already known gomphodont families. There is a fairly small record of gomphodont cynodonts in Europe, so that the described specimen adds to the knowledge of the distribution and diversity of European gomphodonts and it also represents the first ever collected in Italy.

8

Species discrimination of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus diagnosticus

63%

Sulej T.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2002

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tom 47

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nr 3

EN

Re−investigation of the skull roof in Metoposaurus diagnosticus from the German Middle Keuper revealed that in contrast to previous opinions, the lacrimal bone in this species enters the orbital margin.The same pattern is demonstrated by the skulls of a newly discovered metoposaur from the Keuper of Krasiejów in Poland.The difference in the shape of the parietal between the population from Krasiejów and the type population of Metoposaurus diagnosticus enables the discrimination of two separate subspecies within Metoposaurus diagnosticus.For the specimens from the Late Carnian of Drawno Beds at Krasiejów, Poland and its lateral equivalents Lehrberg Beds at Stuttgart−Sonnenberg and Kieselsandstein at Fichtenberg, Germany, a new chronosubspecies Metoposaurus diagnosticus krasiejowensis is erected.The new subspecies differs from the older nominal subspecies M. diagnosticus diagnosticus in having a shorter and wider prepineal part of the parietal.If one accepts that the nominal subspecies is the ancestor of M. krasiejowensisthe change in the shape of the parietal would be a reversal of the trend towards elongating postorbital part of the skull observed in ancestors of the metoposaurids.It seems that the skull development in ontogeny changed after the anterior shift of the orbits occurred in the phylogenetic history of the metoposaurids.The difference in ornamentation of the interclavicle between European Metoposaurus and North American genera is corroborated by Polish material.

9

Mandibular dentition in the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus

63%

Konietzko-Meier D. , Wawro K.

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nr 1

EN

The Temnospondyli are a large and diverse group of stemtetrapods (sensu Laurin and Reisz 1997) known from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Cretaceous; their remains have been found on all continents, from Greenland to Antarctica. The Metoposauridae are a short−ranging temnospondyl group recorded only from the Late Triassic; they are characterized by an anterior position of the orbits, a broad parasphenoid and a large quadrate foramen. However, unclear is the taxonomic value of the external location of tusks on the dentary. Our analysis of tooth rows in Metoposaurus diagnosticus krasiejowensis from the Triassic (Late Carnian) of Krasiejów (Silesia, SW Poland) shows that the external location of tusks on the dentary is not a synapomorphy for Metoposauridae but a character of great intraspecific variability. Variability of the arrangement of the internal tooth row on the upper jaw has also been observed.

10

The taxonomy and anatomy of rauisuchian archosaur from the Late Triassic of Germany and Poland

51%

Brusatte S. L. , Butler R. J. , Sulej T. , Niedzwiedzki G.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2009

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tom 54

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nr 2

221-230

EN

The German Late Triassic archosaur Teratosaurus suevicus is a historically important taxon, being the first described rauisuchian. Unfortunately the holotype is a single element, a maxilla, which is poorly preserved and incomplete. We redescribe this maxilla and identify a single potential autapomorphy. The fragmentary type specimen complicates attempts to refer additional material to this taxon, and other unassociated archosaur and rauisuchian specimens from the Mittlerer Stubensandstein of Germany cannot be referred to T. suevicus with any degree of confidence. The stratigraphically older T. silesiacus, from the upper Carnian of Poland, is represented by a much more complete and better preserved specimen. Comparison of the maxillae of T. suevicus and T. silesiacus reveals that the two are distinct taxa, contra recent suggestions, but also that they do not share any synapomorphies or a unique combination of characters relative to Postosuchus kirkpatricki and other rauisuchians. Thus, the Polish material must be transferred to a new genus, Polonosuchus gen. nov. Both Polonosuchus and Teratosaurus are very similar to Postosuchus kirkpatricki, and the three taxa are likely closely related.

11

A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution

51%

Baron M. G. , Williams M. E.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2018

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tom 63

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nr 1

EN

The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon—a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the “traditional” group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time. This result suggests a greater body-size range for herrerasaurs than previously thought and provides further evidence for their presence in Europe during the Late Triassic. If this hypothesis is correct then this clade of herrerasaurs also represents the first clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs known to contain large-bodied carnivorous species. The results of our analyses also highlight the distinction between the clades Herrerasauridae and Herrerasauria, as they are currently defined, and necessitate a provisional revival of the latter until future works can better resolve the relationships among these important early taxa.

12

A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations

51%

Mazza M. , Rigo M. , Nicora A.

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tom 56

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nr 1

EN

A rich conodont fauna from two Neotethyan sections, Pizzo Mondello (western Sicily, Italy) and Pignola 2 sections (southern Apennines, Italy) includes conodonts described herein as a new species. Metapolygnathus praecommunisti sp. nov. is transitional between Paragondolella noah and Metapolygnathus communisti. The genus Metapolygnathus (including M. praecommunisti) is now characterised by posterior prolongation of the keel termination, associated with a centrally located pit and with a weak ornamentation confined to the anterior part of the platform margins. The establishment of M. praecommunisti addresses the problems related to the origin and the peculiar, probably facies−controlled, distribution of its descendant species M. communisti. Since M. praecommunisti occurs in the entire Tethys and in North America, we propose the species as a good guide fossil for global correlations, characterised by a short temporal range limited to the uppermost Tuvalian (upper Carnian). The stratigraphic occurrence of the genus Metapolygnathus is restricted to the Tuvalian–Lacian (upper Carnian–lower Norian), excluding its presence in the Julian substage (lower Carnian).

13

The first ornithosuchid from Brazil and its macroevolutionary and phylogenetic implications for Late Triassic faunas in Gondwana

51%

Muller R. T. , Belen von Baczko M. , Desojo J. B. , Nesbitt S. J.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2020

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tom 65

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nr 1

14

Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite

51%

Rigo M. , Joachimski M. M.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2010

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tom 55

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nr 3

471-478

EN

The oxygen isotopic composition of conodont apatite derived from the Late Triassic (Carnian to lower Norian), Pignola 2 and Sasso di Castalda sections in the Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) was studied in order to constrain the habitat of Late Triassic conodont animals. Oxygen isotope ratios of conodonts range from 18.5 to 20.8‰ V−SMOW, which translate to palaeotemperatures ranging from 22 to 31ºC, assuming a δ18O of Triassic subtropical sea water of −0.12‰ V−SMOW. These warm temperatures, which are well comparable to those of modern subtropical−tropical oceans, along with the body features of the conodont animal suggest that conodont δ18O values reflect surface water temperatures, that the studied conodont taxa lived in near−surface waters, and that δ18O values of Late Triassic conodonts can be used for palaeoclimatic reconstructions.

15

Comparative bone microstructure of three archosauromorphs from the Carnian, Late Triassic Chanares Formation of Argentina

51%

Marsa J. A. G. , Agnolin F. L. , Novas F. E.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2020

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tom 65

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nr 2

16

Late Ladinian radiolarians from the Tahtalidag Nappe of the Antalya nappes, SW Turkey : remarks on the late Middle and Late Triassic evolution of the Tahtalidag Nappe

51%

Tekin U. , Sonmez I.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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tom Vol. 60, no. 2

199-217

EN

The late Ladinian to Late Triassic succession of the Tahtalidag (upper) Nappe of the Antalya nappes was studied in the Egregindere section, north of the city of Antalya, SW Turkey. The chert bands in the central part of the section have yielded poorly to moderately preserved radiolarians documenting the Late Ladinian Muelleritortis firma and Muelleritortis cochleata radiolarian zones. Based on the Egregindere succession, a major deepening event, evidenced by radiolarian cherts, took place between the middle and late Late Ladinian. The Late Triassic thick-bedded neritic limestones represent a shallowing-upward sequence, which formed as a result of the horst-like rising of the Tahtalidag Nappe during the Late Triassic block faulting. Fifty-nine radiolarian taxa have been determined from the Upper Ladinian of the Egregindere section. One species (Muelleritortis elegans) and two subspecies (Muelleritortis firma equispinosa and Muelleritortis firma globosa) are described as new.

17

Decompression syndrome and diving behavior in Odontochelys, the first turtle

51%

Rothschild B. M. , Naples V.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2015

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tom 60

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nr 1

EN

Odontochelys semitestacea, the oldest known turtle, from the Late Triassic of China, shows a pathology. Sharply defined, focal depressions were noted on the articular surfaces of both humeri, documenting avascular necrosis. Diving habits of Mesozoic marine reptiles have been characterized on the basis of this localized form of bone death attributed to decompression syndrome. Pursuit by a predator was likely the cause of dangerously rapid depth changes by swimming turtles. The prevalence of avascular necrosis decreased geometrically from the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene. This study suggests that the habit of repetitive diving in turtles was already present in the Late Triassic, but that protective physiological and behavioral adaptations had not yet evolved.

18

A Late Triassic dinosaur-dominated ichnofauna from the Tomanova Formation of the Tatra Mountains, Central Europe

51%

Niedzwiecki G.

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tom 56

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nr 2

EN

Osteological fossils of dinosaurs are relatively rare in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Thus, ichnofossils are a critical source of information on Late Triassic terrestrial vertebrate communities. The outcrops of the Tomanová Formation (?late Norian–Rhaetian) in the Tatra Mountains of Poland and Slovakia have yielded a diverse ichnofauna. Seven more or less distinct morphotypes of dinosaur tracks have been recognized and are discussed. Most tracks are partly eroded or deformed, but are preserved well enough to be assigned to a range of trackmakers, including early ornithischians, small and large theropods (coelophysoids and/or possibly early tetanurans), and probably basal sauropodomorphs (“prosauropods”) or first true sauropods.

19

New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

44%

Vallejos Leiz L. , Crisafulli A. , Gnaedinger S.

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tom 67

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nr 2

20

Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

44%

Chambi-Trowell S. A. V. , Whiteside D. I. , Benton M. J.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2019

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tom 64

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nr 1

EN

Clevosaurus was an early sphenodontian, known from many specimens and species from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Here we describe and compare the cranial morphology of Clevosaurus hudsoni, the type species, and Clevosaurus cambrica, both from the UK, based on digital reconstructions from segmented CT scan data of two skulls. C. hudsoni has been described in some detail, but the CT data reveal new information on cranial anatomy, and C. cambrica is a newly described species for which the CT scans enable us to identify many previously undescribed bones, re-identify bones whose identity had previously been uncertain, and refine certain cranial elements. The near complete preservation of the left side of the skull of C. cambrica, and the preservation of much of the left side of the skull of C. hudsoni, provided us with the opportunity to fully reconstruct both species’ skulls in three dimensions. For the first time, coronoid bones are identified in Clevosaurus species from the British Isles. These two species show the diversity of morphology in the genus Clevosaurus. We provide evidence for two morphotypes of C. hudsoni based on study of the dentary dentition of the syntypes and other attributed specimens.