Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Johann Abezier und Arnold Datteln – Zwei Thorner Kleriker zwischen der Kurie und dem Deutschen Orden

100%

Stachowiak R.

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nr 19

93-107

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie relacji zachodzących pomiędzy pruskimi klerykami a Kurią papieską na tle polityki personalnej zakonu krzyżackiego w pierwszych trzech dziesięcioleciach XV w. Relacje te ukazano na przykładzie pochodzących z Torunia prawników Johanna Abeziera i Arnolda Dattelna. W okresie Wielkiej Wojny i w latach następujących po niej działali oni przez dłuższy czas w Kurii. Byli oni wiodącymi prawnikami i dyplomatami zakonu krzyżackiego, stanowiąc zarazem istotne ogniwo w relacjach Zakonu z Kurią papieską. Opracowanie przedstawia przebieg karier kościelnych obu tych kleryków. Centralną rolę w zdobywaniu beneficjów odgrywała warmińska kapituła katedralna. Zarówno Abezierowi, jak i Dattelnowi udawało się pozyskiwać beneficja w tej kapitule także dla innych kleryków pochodzących z Torunia. Uzyskanie beneficjum w warmińskiej kapitule katedralnej ułatwiało dalszą karierę kościelną. Na przykładzie obu wymienionych kleryków przedstawiona została również rola powiązań rodzinnych i regionalnych w budowaniu kariery oraz tworzeniu trwałych powiązań pomiędzy członkami kapituły.

EN

The theme of this paper is to study the relationship between the Curia and the Prussian clergymen against a background of the personal policy of the Teutonic Order in the first three decades of the 15thc., on the example of the Toruń lawyers Johann Abezier and Arnold Datteln. During the "Great War" and in the following years, both these Toruń clerics worked for a long time in the Curia acting as the leading lawyers and diplomats of the Teutonic Knights and became a vital link in the relationship between the Teutonic Order and the papal curia. Study examines the careers of these two clerics against the background of the benefices received by the lawyers of the Teutonic Order. The central role in obtaining benefices played the cathedral chapter of Warmia. Both Datteln and Abezier managed to obtain benefices for other clerics from Torun in the cathedral chapter of Warmia, what allowed the same clerics achieve significant career in the church. On the example of both clerics has been developed the role of family and regional relations in building a career and creating permanent connections in frame of the cathedral chapter.

DE

Thema des vorliegenden Beitrags ist die Untersuchung der Kontakte preußischer Kleriker zur Kurie vor dem Hintergrund der Personalpolitik des Deutschen Ordens in den ersten drei Jahrzehnten des 15. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel der aus Thorn stammenden Juristen Johann Abezier und Arnold Datteln. Während des „Großen Krieges“ und in den darauf folgenden Jahren waren die beiden Thorner Kleriker über einen längeren Zeitraum an der Kurie aktiv und bildeten als führende Juristen und Diplomaten des Deutschen Ordens ein wichtiges Bindeglied zwischen der Deutschordensführung und der päpstlichen Kurie. Des Weiteren werden die Kirchenkarrieren der beiden Kleriker vor dem Hintergrund der Versorgung von Deutschordensjuristen mit Benefizien näher untersucht. Bei den Bemühungen um Benefizien spielte das Domkapitel von Ermland als Versorgungseinrichtung eine zentrale Rolle. Es gelang sowohl Abezier als auch Datteln weiteren aus Thorn stammenden Klerikern im ermländischen Domkapitel Benefizien zu verschaffen. Somit bildete Ermland für die Thorner Kleriker gewissermaßen einen Mobilitätskanal und ermöglichte in einigen Fällen eine beachtliche Kirchenkarriere. Am Beispiel der beiden genannten Kleriker wird auch die Bedeutung verwandtschaftlicher und landsmannschaftlicher Beziehungen für den Karriereverlauf sowie für eine dauerhafte Netzwerkbildung innerhalb des Domkapitels herausgearbeitet.

2

Zamek w Radzyniu Chełmińskim. Technika i etapy budowy siedziby krzyżackich komturów i konwentu

84%

Wasik B.

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2015

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nr 1

167-181

EN

Radzyń Chełmiński is situated in the northern part of the Chełmno Land. In the Middle Ages, an important route from Pomesania led through that area. In that strategic place, most probably on the basis of an early medieval settlement, the Teutonic Knights led by Herman Balk erected the first fortress in 1234. In 1243, it was one of a few which was not conquered by Prussian rebels. In mid-13th century, it became a komtur’s seat. As the archaeological research has shown, the masonry castle was erected in a new place. On the basis of the research, as well as the architectural analysis of the preserved walls and size of bricks, it is possible to reconstruct the building process of the fortress. In the first phase, in the following stages, which had basically been pre-planned, the convent building was erected. In the first stage, a curtain wall of the convent building was built in narrow-space foundation trenches and, at the same time, window openings, vault prop and toothing for future partition walls of the flanks were prepared. After erecting a curtain wall, the level of the area around the convent house was raised by about 2.5 meters, creating an artificial hill. In the following stage, the main (southern) flank was erected. On the level of the cellars, short rudiments of walls of the neighbouring flanks were built, leading out from its northern wall. Other flanks of the castle were built later. On the basis of the consistency of architecture and the measurement analysis of the bricks, it should be stated that the application in various parts of the building of the Wendish (cellars) and Gothic (ground parts, some partition walls in the cellars) brickwork does not mean that the phases of construction of those elements were distant in time. The sizes of the bricks used in the entire building are consistent irrespective of the brickwork. The use of the Wendish brickwork in the cellars can be explained by the fact that it was used for facing the stone wall, unlike the Gothic brickwork, which was in full brick walls. The buildings erected in the second stage of construction of the castle were made of brick of a visibly larger size. At that time, the bergfried was probably erected, as well as the outer ward with a dansker and an outer bailey. The use of various types of brickwork in the curtain wall of the latter should be explained by work of various teams of bricklayers. In connection with the construction of the elements of the castle listed above, further earth works were performed, that is, the level of the outer ward was elevated and made even, the plateau of the outer bailey was widened from the south and an embankment was constructed in front of its western curtain. The last medieval building works comprised the erection of buildings on the outer ward of the convent house. The chronology of construction of the castle was examined by researches in different ways. On the basis of forms of gables of the main flank, it can be determined that the construction of the convent house was completed in the 40s of the 14th century. Thus, it was probably undertaken before the congress of the dignitaries of the order, which was held in Radzyń in 1329. Perhaps, during the congress, the works on the rooms in the main flank of the castle (the chapel and the refectory) were about to be finished. On the other hand, it should be estimated that the outer ward and the bailey were erected in mid- and second half of the 14th century.

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Zamki krzyżackie na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle najnowszych badań wybranych obiektów

67%

Wiewióra M.

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2013

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tom T. 58, z. 1

97--123

PL

Problematyka badawcza dotycząca architektury zamków krzyżackich na ziemi chełmińskiej od dawna cieszy sie niesłabnącą popularnością. Jednak w ograniczonym stopniu opracowania te oparte są na wynikach systematycznych badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych. Zamki krzyżackie na ziemi chełmińskiej są nie tylko architektonicznym, ale przede wszystkim historycznym i artystycznym fenomenem. Mimo niewątpliwych wartości kulturalnych, symbolicznych, artystycznych i historycznych do tej pory nie zrealizowano szerokiego, interdyscyplinarnego programu badawczego obejmującego szczegółowe studia nad architekturą, sztuką, warsztatem budowlanym i szerzej - kulturą materialną. W artykule przedstawiono najistotniejsze wyniki badań zainicjowanych w 2005 r. Celem programu badawczego, realizowanego przez Zakład Archeologii Architektury Instytutu Archeologii UMK w Toruniu, jest analiza architektoniczna i archeologiczna zamków funkcjonujących na terenie państwa krzyżackiego na ziemi chełmińskiej. W tekście omówiono najnowsze wyniki badań archeologicznych zamków w Grudziądzu, Wąbrzeźnie, Papowie Biskupim i Radzyniu Chełmińskim.

EN

Research on the architecture of castles in Chelmno Land is becoming more popular. This is evidenced by numerous publications both scientific and popular, dedicated to the Teutonic Knights history of architecture in general and especially defense architecture. No systematic archaeological and architectural studies have yet been made. The castles of the Teutonic Knights at Chelmno Land display unique architectural features; their historical and artistic identity distinguishes this region from all the other areas in Poland. A broad, interdisciplinary research program is required, involving a detailed study of the architecture, art, and a study of their construction techniques. Since 2005, a research program has been under way examining the architecture and archeology of the castles built by the Teutonic Knights at Chełmno Land. (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Institute of Archaeology, Department of Archaeology of Architecture.) The aim of the research program was to preserve the remains of both Grudziądz and Wąbrzeźno castles and to initiate a broader discussion about forms and phases of the construction of these facilities. Previous sources of knowledge about these castles came exclusively from historical or iconographical sources. Earlier research programs included two other castles (Radzyń Chelminski and Papowo Biskupie). The research attempted to review arrangements for settlement, layout plans, building forms, etc. and what were the forms of settlements before the arrival of Teutonic Knights. The aim of this project is to start interdisciplinary studies of the Teutonic castles at Chelmno Land combining history, architecture, art and material culture. An important goal will be to create a professional research program. Research already completed, has revealed new archaeological and architectural findings; this should lead to a new conservation program which must restore ancient monuments and secure exposed walls - those both visible on the surface and those that are under the earth's surface.