W artykule rozważono zagadnienia dotyczące głównie takich obiektów technicznych, jak maszyny i urządzania. Przedstawiono analizę ich własności środowiskowych. Zaprezentowano wykorzystanie wyników ekobilansu w poprawie oceny obiektu.
The purpose of the article is to present the method for forecasting one of the three categories of exploitation costs, i.e., operational costs. The article analyses the available subject literature discussing the methods of measuring operational costs used in the LCC analysis. The presented method for forecasting operational costs of technical objects applies econometric modelling, probability distributions and certain elements of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The statistical data analysis was performed using the functions and commands available in Microsoft Excel. Weibull++ application was also used for constructing probability distributions for random variables and verifying hypotheses. The method was tested on eight single-mode railbuses, operated by one of the regional railway companies providing passenger transport. An ex-post relative forecast error was used to measure the level of accuracy of the operational cost forecast. The analysis of the compliance between forecasted cost value and the actual costs showed extensive convergence as evidenced by the level of estimated relative errors. In forecasting the operational costs of railbuses, the average error was approx. 2.9%. The presented method can, therefore, constitute the basis for the estimation of both operational costs and exploitation costs, which represent an important cost component considered when assessing the profitability of purchasing one of the several competing technical objects offered by the industry. (original abstract)
W pracy omówiono wybrane problemy eksploatacji maszyn, wspomaganej metodami diagnostyki technicznej i monitorowania stanu. Dotyczy to coraz częściej systemów mechatronicznych w ujęciu inżynierii diagnostyki. Przedstawiona problematyka tego opracowania znajduje swoje uzasadnienie w procesach destrukcji maszyn, towarzyszących każdej maszynie tuż po jej wytworzeniu, aż do likwidacji. Kształtowanie się kosztów eksploatacji maszyn i różnorodność działań organizacyjnych w tym obszarze różnicują możliwości stosowania znanych strategii eksploatacji. Rozwijająca się diagnostyka techniczna daje podstawy do racjonalnej eksploatacji maszyn w nowo tworzonych diagnostycznych systemach eksploatacji. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
It the chosen problems of machine exploitation in work were have talked over was, helped with methods of technical diagnostics the state monitoring. This concerns more often the systems the mechatronic in formulation of diagnostics engineering. Introduced problems of this study finds in processes of destruction of machine his reason, concurrent every machine near at hand after her producing, until to liquidation. The be shaping the costs of machine exploitation and the possibilities of applying the well-known strategies of exploitation differentiate in this area the variety of organizational workings. The developing technical diagnostics gives to rational exploitation of machine the basis in newly the created diagnostic systems of exploitation. (original abstract)
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W latach 1990-2010 relacje pomiędzy cenami detalicznymi środków mechanizacji rolnictwa a cenami skupu produktów rolniczych w Polsce na ogół znacznie się pogorszyły. W porównaniu do stanu z 1990 r., zestaw złożony z 24 środków mechanizacji rolnictwa był w 2010 r. droższy o 35,2% w relacji do mleka, o 109,8% - do żywca wołowego, o 217,4% - do pszenicy, o 229,6% - do żyta i o 362,1% - do żywca wieprzowego. Zestaw ten potaniał natomiast o 9,4% w relacji do ceny skupu ziemniaków. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
During the years 1990-2010 reported changes of relations between retail prices of farm machines and procurement prices of agricultural products were, in general, unfavourable for farmers. As compared to 1990, the set of 24 farm machines used as a base for analysis was in 2010 more expensive in relation to cow milk by 35.2%, to cattle for slaughter by 108.9%, to wheat by 217.4, to rye by 229.6%, and to pigs for slaughter by 362.1%. Instead, it was by 9.4% cheaper in relation to potatoes. (original abstract)
The first-priority directions for modern engineering, especially for multiproduct manufacturing, include the intensification of manufacturing processes, increasing the efficiency of technological equipment, and reducing the time required to implement technological solutions. Fixture design is a complicated and time-consuming process that requires considering many parameters of the closed-loop technological system "machine tool - fixture - cutting tool - workpiece". One machined part can have several fixture layouts corresponding to all specified parameters; however, their effectiveness differs depending on production conditions. Search for an optimal fixture for specified production conditions is an essential stage of production planning. It has been proved that the efficiency of a manufacturing process should be assessed using single economic indicator - the cost of machining, which considers the costs of time, the total costs for process realisation, and a batch of parts. The paper aims to substantiate the efficiency of manufacturing processes in machining complex parts using flexible fixtures by developing a mathematical model that considers the cost of time, the cost of implementing the manufacturing process, and the batch value of parts production. This approach estimates the efficiency of manufacturing processes for machining complex parts and choosing the flexible fixture layout that corresponds to specific production conditions. It was proved that flexible fixtures could be effectively used for machining small batches of parts with frequent readjustments to new workpieces and short-term machining. A tendency has been established that the higher number of nomenclature of parts contributes to expanding the scope of the effective use of flexible fixtures. (original abstract)
Gospodarka remontowa stanowi ważny obszar funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstwa. Skuteczność i rentowność obsługi eksploatacyjnej można osiągnąć tylko wtedy, gdy zadania robocze zostaną precyzyjnie sformułowane, wycenione i rozliczone. Stąd istnieje konieczność spełnienia podstawowego wymogu jakim jest minimalizacja kosztów.
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