The Soviet state that emerged after 1917 became the heir of the Russian Empire and its geopolitical situation, which the Bolsheviks intended to preserve and consolidate in order for different communities to adopt one common Soviet system of values, norms and opinions. The resettlement of the Jewish community into rural areas was one of the aspects of the ethnic integration policies. The operation, launched by the Central Committee of the RCP(b) in 1924, aimed to facilitate the formation of a peasant stratum in the Jewish society, which would transform its culture in a way to merge the Jews with the multinational population of the USSR. Considering the lack of state funds, the implementation of the top-down plan was made possible by financial aid from external sources, the American organisation Agro-Joint in particular.
PL
Powstałe po 1917 r. państwo radzieckie stało się spadkobiercą imperium carskiego, którego przestrzeń geopolityczną bolszewicy zamierzali utrzymać. Zespolić tak, by poszczególne społeczności przyjęły jeden, wspólny, radziecki system wartości, norm i ocen. Fragmentem integracyjnej polityki narodowościowej była rolnicza akcja osiedleńcza ludności żydowskiej. Postanowiona przez Komitet Centralny RKP w 1924 r. akcja kolonizacyjna miała sprzyjać uformowaniu się w tej społeczności warstwy chłopskiej, a więc transformacji jej kultury w kierunku zespolenia z wielonarodowym społeczeństwem radzieckim. W związku z brakiem państwowych środków pieniężnych, wykonanie odgórnie ustalonych planów stało się możliwe dzięki pomocy finansowej pochodzącej z zewnątrz, zwłaszcza od amerykańskiej organizacji Agro-Joint.
The paper summarizes the topic of Czechoslovak participation on international projects within the CMEA. International projects within the CMEA should be considered as specific areas where widely declared socialist economic integration was to certain extent successful, not only in the context of the times. These projects symbolized one of few fields in which particular economic integration of the CMEA countries was based on really multilateral level (not only in the way of bilateral cooperation). Cooperation in case of these projects was realised on multilateral base (considering not only investments, but also the exchange of labor forces from participating countries). From the point of view of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the most important projects in the given period is the participation on the construction of gas pipelines Soyuz (Orenburg), Progress (Jamburg) and integrated mining and metallurgy plant in Dolinskaya near Krivoy Rog. The CMEA was proud of these projects as they represented notable outcomes of its functioning. Such positive image was also widely publicized in media and the participants on the projects gained great experience. Besides publicity function, some projects were important because of their economic function, also after the disintegration of the CMEA. On the other hand, some were not successful. Czech participation on the construction of mining complex in Dolinskaya symbolizes the end to an attempt at socialist economic integration.
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The principle of patient autonomy dominates the contemporary debate in medical ethics. Twenty-five years ago, most major medical decisions were left exclusively in the hands of physicians. Such decisions were usually made with beneficent intent but without open discussion, much less the full participation of the patient. Our case involves a patient’s decision to treat an infection with Candida species, the most common fungi affecting humans in a broad spectrum of opportunistic infections, including bones and joints. Only four recent cases of delayed reimplantation arthroplasty for candidal prosthetic joint infection have been reported, and there are no reports, besides ours, of successful non-surgical resolution of candidal prosthetic joint arthritis. We report this case as a patient’s choice with an excellent outcome.
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