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2 Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

2 2014

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Dyplomacja czasów przełomu Jan Paweł II i kształtowanie się dyplomacji publicznej

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Strzałka K.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

2014

nr 3(29)

219-243

During the course of the pontificate of the Polish pope and thanks to his efforts and initiative, the Holy See elaborated upon its own holistic formula of the activity of the Church in the international arena. This formula constituted the essence of its influence, its “policy” and “soft power” toward the most important international concerns (the social doctrine of the Church). This formula was also associated with the formation of new ideas concerning international law, especially the right to humanitarian involvement, and it made a significant contribution to the development of human rights in the wide scope of this area of concern: from the right to religious freedom to the right to live. During the course of John Paul II’s pontificate there was a qualitative and unprecedented increase of the prestige of the Holy See in the world which was expressed e.g. in the construction of its position as an important entity by the Holy See. The innovative character of the activity of the Holy See in the international arena during the course of John Paul II’s pontificate consisted above all in the achievement of moral prestige in the world and in the granting of the role of the “conscience of mankind” to the Holy See. Behind this expression lies the essence of the pope’s thinking about social, economic and political concerns. This essence defines the content of the “international policy of the Holy See” and it is referred to as the “social doctrine of the Church”. An in‑depth analysis of the activity of the Holy See in the international sphere during the course of John Paul II’s pontificate furnishes many inspirational examples concerning how considerable influence and great results may be achieved by employing the means of “soft power” and public diplomacy. The means that were widely used by the pope both to present the principles of the social doctrine of the Church and to construct in this way real power and influence were associated mainly with appeals and persuasive speeches delivered publicly to the world, especially during meetings and prayer (general audiences, the Angelus, meetings with young people, world days, meetings with politicians, public appearances in the fora of international organizations, pastoral pilgrimages, the delivery of occasional messages, letters submitted to various professional groups). The actions and interventions of Pope John Paul II in the sphere of international relations were always based on moral and ethical deliberations concerning the questions of social justice and the rights and dignity of man. These concepts lay at the heart of the Catholic social doctrine on which the international policy of the Holy See during the course of this great pontificate was based. Experience and numerous examples prove that wherever his message was accepted, the pastoral mission, presence and effectiveness of delivery could achieve extraordinary results. However, the Pope’s influence upon the entire sphere of international relations should be perceived in a broader perspective than just the political one. His influence was consistent with the mechanics of public influence and the formation of international relations based on everlasting ethical and moral values whose considerable shortage is perceived by a growing percentage of entities and participants of global exchange and diplomacy.

Jan Paweł II wobec zmian w Polsce w związku z wejściem do Unii Europejskiej

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Suchocka H.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

2014

nr 3(29)

203-212

As regards the approach to political problems, John Paul II’s pontificate was different from previous pontificates. Nowadays, due to the media phenomenon of Pope Francis, one tends to forget about the shock, in the positive sense of the word, which was associated with the nomination of Karol Wojtyła to become the pope and his famous words: “Do not be afraid”. These words were as political as they could be. They were addressed mainly to Poland, but not only to that country. John Paul II calmly paved the way for the future unification of Europe. He used the means that were accessible to the Holy See and one of this decisions was to proclaim St. Cyril and St. Methodius as the patrons of Europe. The problem of the European Constitution was doubtlessly a painful area for John Paul II. The document lacked a reference to Christianity. The Polish Pope frequently and explicitly stated that European civilization grew from Christian roots. During the course of this pontificate John Paul II persistently struggled for respecting human rights and for freedom. As far as this area is concerned, Europe seems to pursue a different course than the one which John Paul II tried to define. In other words, Europe set out upon a course which was so much feared by John Paul II and this is the reason that since the very beginning the latter made appeals to establish the European continent in the domain of values. During his visit in 1991 he also warned the Polish people against revelling in their recently regained freedom. Despite his concerns about the course that Europe pursued, John Paul II never became discouraged by the “European project”. He always claimed that Poland belongs in Europe. And that is why, on the eve of Poland joining the European Union, that he addressed the following words directly to the Polish people: Poland needs Europe and Europe needs Poland; our involvement in European structures is a challenge. The Pope appreciated the concerns entertained by eurosceptics, but he emphasized the point that today Poland, which was always a part of Poland, may not divorce itself from this Community.