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1

Heavy Metals Tolerance in an Invasive Weed (Fallopia japonica) under Different Levels of Soils Contamination

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Sołtysiak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 7

81--91

EN

In order to assess the tolerance of the highly invasive weed Fallopia japonica to heavy metals, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in which this plant was cultivated in control soil and in the soils polluted by different levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The content of heavy metals in soil did not eliminate the F. japonica rhizome’s capacity to regenerate. However, at the beginning of the experiment, the presence of some metal doses: Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Pb (200 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1) delayed the rhizome regeneration compared to the control plants. In the soils contaminated with any level of Cr or Pb, shoots grew with similar vigour to the control plants. Only the high doses of Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Cu (300 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1) significantly delayed the plants’ growth. The morphological features of F. japonica from the soils polluted with Cr and Pb were not significantly different from the control plants. Among the tested heavy metals that had the greatest impact on the morphology of F. japonica were Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Cu (300 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1). A chemical analysis indicated that this weed accumulated large quantities of metals when cultivated in the contaminated soil. Particular attention was paid to its relatively high Cd uptake. In the variant where a dose of 100 mg Cd•kg-1 was applied, the plants (aboveground part) accumulated more than 630 times the amount of cadmium found in the control. The abilities of F. japonica to regenerate from rhizome fragments, to grow and develop under the stress conditions created by heavy metals, and to take up metals are evidence that this plant is characterised by metal tolerance.

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Kinetics of growth of Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold and Zucc.)

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Gregorczyk A. , Fiejtek A. , Wereszczaka J.

Colloquium Biometricum

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2009

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tom 39

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The importance of land use type in Fallopia (Reynoutria) japonica invasion in the urban environment

63%

Chmura D. , Nejfeld P. , Borowska M. , Wozniak G. , Nowak T. , Tokarska-Guzik B.

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tom 61

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nr 2

EN

In total 273 stands of the invasive species Fallopia (Reynoutria) japonica in Oświęcim valley (southern Poland) were examined, in terms of cover, area, abundance, height and width of shoots, and presence of coexisting species. F. japonica occurred more frequently in wastelands and was the rarest in forests. Statistical analyses revealed some significant differences among habitats with particular traits. The most abundant populations, occupying the largest area, were recorded in wetlands and along railway lines. Populations were very diverse in terms of their percentage of flowering shoots within a particular type of habitat, however, the highest percentage was again observed in wetlands and along railways. In forests, gardens and in wastelands the contribution of flowering shoots was lower. The presence of accompanying species in the studied populations was generally low, most frequently stands of F. japonica were mono-specific with a slightly higher cover of accompanying species being recorded in F. japonica populations in forests. The highest proportion of the tallest shoots within a patch of F. japonica was observed in wetlands, while the lowest was in wastelands and in railways. The individuals with the thickest shoots were present in forests and wetlands and the thinnest in wastelands. Despite the simplified nature of the data collection the study demonstrated that F. japonica is more vigorous and forms larger stands occupying larger areas in some of the analyzed habitats. The study showed that in manmade habitats the considered species has favourable conditions for its development and further spread and this is of concern to conservationists and land managers as it can pose a threat to native biodiversity.

4

Heavy metals content in the Fallopia genus in Central European Cities - study from Wroclaw and Prague

63%

Soltysiak J. , Berchova-Bimova K. , Vach M. , Brej T.

Acta Botanica Silesiaca

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2011

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tom 07

EN

In this study highly invasive plant species from the Fallopia genus (Fallopia japonica and Fallopia ×bohemica) were investigated for their ability to accumulate heavy metals. Samples were collected from two large cities: Wroclaw and Prague. The content of Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in soils covered by Knotweed taxa was determined. Afterwards, plant samples were collected from the places where the largest amounts of toxic metals were found. Rhizomes, roots and leaves of chosen samples of both Fallopia taxa have been treated separately, as different parts of the plant accumulate metals. The investigation has shown that in urban conditions Knotweed taxa spread on soils with higher than natural concentration of toxic metals. Only the chromium amount was similar to the normal range. In both species heavy metals were accumulated mainly in roots and rhizomes, but their concentration was significantly higher in Fallopia japonica underground parts than in the hybrid. There were no differences between species with metals content in the aboveground parts of the plant body. The results suggest that special attention should be paid to Cr. In all analyzed plants, high chromium content was found, while the Cr amount in soils samples was close to natural.

PL

Celem powyższych badań była ocena akumulacji metali ciężkich: Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb i Zn przez inwazyjne gatunki z rodzaju Fallopia (Fallopia japonica i Fallopia ×bohemica). Materiał badawczy pobrano ze stanowisk rdestowców zlokalizowanych na terenie dwóch aglomeracji: Wrocławia i Pragi. Zawartość metali ciężkich okre.lono w próbach glebowych, a nastêpnie w nadziemnych i podziemnych częściach wybranych roślin. W analizowanych glebach wykazano wyższą w porównaniu z naturalną zawartość kadmu, żelaza, ołowiu i cynku oraz zbliżoną do naturalnej koncentrację chromu. Głównymi organami akumulującymi toksyczne pierwiastki były korzenie i kłącza rdestowców. Stężenie metali ciężkich w podziemnych organach Fallopia japonica było znacznie wyższe niż w Fallopia ×bohemica. Spo.ród badanych metali na szczególną uwagę zasługuje chrom. Pomimo iż, poziom Cr w materiale glebowym nie przekraczał zawartości naturalnej, rośliny zgromadziły znaczne jego ilości.

5

The importance of land use type in Fallopia (Reynoutria) japonica invasion in the urban environment

63%

Chmura D. , Nejfeld P. , Borowska M. , Woźniak G. , Nowak T. , Tokarska-Guzik B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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tom Vol. 61, nr 2

379--384

EN

In total 273 stands of the invasive species Fallopia (Reynoutria) japonica in Oświęcim valley (southern Poland) were examined, in terms of cover, area, abundance, height and width of shoots, and presence of coexisting species. F. japonica occurred more frequently in wastelands and was the rarest in forests. Statistical analyses revealed some significant differences among habitats with particular traits. The most abundant populations, occupying the largest area, were recorded in wetlands and along railway lines. Populations were very diverse in terms of their percentage of flowering shoots within a particular type of habitat, however, the highest percentage was again observed in wetlands and along railways. In forests, gardens and in wastelands the contribution of flowering shoots was lower. The presence of accompanying species in the studied populations was generally low, most frequently stands of F. japonica were mono-specific with a slightly higher cover of accompanying species being recorded in F. japonica populations in forests. The highest proportion of the tallest shoots within a patch of F. japonica was observed in wetlands, while the lowest was in wastelands and in railways. The individuals with the thickest shoots were present in forests and wetlands and the thinnest in wastelands. Despite the simplified nature of the data collection the study demonstrated that F. japonica is more vigorous and forms larger stands occupying larger areas in some of the analyzed habitats. The study showed that in manmade habitats the considered species has favourable conditions for its development and further spread and this is of concern to conservationists and land managers as it can pose a threat to native biodiversity.

6

Corticular photosynthesis of the herbaceous plants: Japanese knotweed [Reynoutria japonica] and topinambur [Helianthus tuberosus]

51%

Kocurek M. , Pilarski J.

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nr 2 Spec.Vol.

7

Stanowisko Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. w rejonie Tworzyjanowa (Dolny Śląsk)

44%

Sliwinski M. , Czarniecka M.

Acta Botanica Silesiaca

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2011

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tom 07

EN

The expansion of invasive plants along the transport routes is a problem especially noticeable in the regional scale. Even if the sites of species result from direct human intervention, it is difficult to identify the responsible person. One of new sites of Fallopia japonica in Lower Silesia was established as a result of road reparation works.

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Wpływ nadmiernego oświetlenia na zawartości CO2 i O2 w kanałach rdzeniowych rdestowca ostrokończystego (Reynoutria japonica HOUTT.)

38%

Kocurek M. , Tokarz K. , Pilarski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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2010

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tom 545

PL

Do doświadczeń wybrano rdestowca ostrokończystego (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) którego łodygi posiadają obszerne kanały rdzeniowe. Rośliny uprawiane były w warunkach naturalnych. W warunkach naturalnych łodygi rdestowca są ocienione przez liście i rzadko są narażone na bezpośrednie oświetlenie promieniowaniem słonecznym. Badania wykazały, że w kanałach rdzeniowych rdestowa w ciągu nocy stężenie CO2 może przekraczać 10%, a ciągu dnia następuje zmniejszanie tego stężenia nawet poniżej 1%. Zmianom stężenia zawartości CO2 towarzyszą podobne wielkością lecz przeciwnie skierowane zmiany zawartości O2: zmniejszanie się jego zawartości w nocy i zwiększanie w ciągu dnia. Wprowadzenie nadmiernego oświetlenia łodyg doprowadziło do zmian zawartości CO2 i O2. Ze wzrostem intensywności oświetlenia szybciej malała zawartość CO2 i szybciej wzrastała zawartość tlenu w kanałach rdzeniowych. Zmiana warunków świetlnych ułatwiała reasymilację CO2 zgromadzonego w godzinach nocnych przez łodygę. W ciemności uwalnianie tego gazu w kanałach rdzeniowych wynosi około 0,6 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1, a świetlny punkt kompensacyjny reasymilacji uzyskiwano w intensywności napromieniowania około 80 µmol·m-2·s-1. Natomiast świetlne wysycenie reasymilacji notowano przy napromieniowaniu około 850 µmol·m-2·s-1 z intensywnością reasymilacji wynoszącą około 0,9 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1. Badania wykazały że nienaturalnie wysokie dawki promieniowania nie są czynnikiem stresowym dla łodyg rdestowca a wręcz przyczyniają się do szybszego zużywania CO2 i nagromadzania O2.

EN

The Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Нoutt.), a plant having a wide pith cavity in the stem, was selected for this experiment. The plants were grown under natural conditions. In natural conditions, the knotweed stems are shaded by leaves and only rarely exposed to direct sunlight. The results of the studies indicate that, while during the night the CO2 concentration in the knotweed pith cavity may exceed 10 %, during the day this concentration to less than 1%. Changes in CO2 concentrations are accompanied by changes in O2 concentrations, although similar in size but moving in the opposite direction: with a drop at night and increase during the day. Exposing the stem to large doses of light radiation brought about changes in CO2 and O2 concentrations. With the increased intensity of light the concentration of CO2 dropped faster, whereas the concentration of O2 in the pith cavity also increased more rapidly. Change in light conditions facilitated the reassimilation of CO2 accumulated by the stem during the night. In darkness, the release of this gas in the pith cavity amounted to ca. 0.6 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1, and the light compensation point was obtained at an irradiation intensity of ca. 80 µmol·m-2·s-1 while the light saturation of reassimilation was noted at the irradiation level of approximately 850 µmol·m-2·s-1, with the intensity of reassimilation amounting to ca. 0.9 µmol CO2·m-2·s-1. The study showed that unnaturally high doses of irradiation are not stress factors for the stems of knotweed plants but they even contribute to a faster use of CO2 and accumulation of O2.

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Wybrane antropofity brzegów Bystrzycy na odcinku Krasków-Jarnołtów

38%

Sliwinski M.

Acta Botanica Silesiaca

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2008

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tom 03

EN

Valleys of large rivers, like Bystrzyca which is one of the largest Odra river tributaries, are prone to invasions of alien plant species. The Bystrzyca river valley in Krasków-Jarnołtów section is a part of a protected landscape area but it is relatively modified by human activity. Reinforcement of the river bed may have caused the appearance of invasive species, while the process of their penetration to protected areas is a serious threat to natural plant cover. The article contains basic data concerning synanthropisation and distribution of five invasive species (Impatiens parviflora, Reynoutria japonica, Reynoutria sachalinensis, Solidago canadensis, Solidago gigantea) found within the investigated area.

10

Występowanie Reynoutria japonica Houtt., R. sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai i Impatiens glandulifera Royle wzdłuż strumieni Gór Sowich w okolicach Bielawy

38%

Sliwinski M.

Acta Botanica Silesiaca

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2009

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tom 04

EN

River valleys of the Sowie Mts and the Dzierżoniowska Basin, due to human long-term agricultural activity, were heavily transformed. Disadvantageous changes of river systems simplified penetration by invasive species. They make a serious problem to plant diversity, are burdensome to citizens, increase the threat of flooding and lower the beauty of landscape. In the middle 70-ties of 20th century, knotweed and Himalayan balsam were noticed in the Sowie Mts. In 2006 field research enabled to estimate the condition of their populations and regularity of their occurrence along the rivers near Bielawa.