Father Henryk Jackowski S.J. was the most important teacher and a spiritual guide of a future metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts’kyi while his intellectual and religious formation were being shaped (1880–1892). Jackowski underlined the importance of cooperation between the Latin and the Greek-catholic rites and perceived the Orthodox Church as a schismatic one. The submission to the Holy See was the most important to him. He didn’t seem to recognize the importance of the growing national conflict in Polish-Ukrainian/Ruthenian relations. Jackowski’s views became the part of Sheptyts’kyi’s teaching in the early years of his bishop and archbishop ministry. Nevertheless, the metropolitan saw the role of the Orthodox and the Ukrainians differently. After he had been chosen the archbishop of Lvov, his contacts with Ukrainian environment became closer and more frequent. He performed his duties and put into practice Jackowski’s program of organic work in the quickly changing political and social situation. There might have been some connection between Sheptyts’kyi’s declaration of Ruthenian identity (1885 r.) and accusations of polonization of the Greek-catholic rite that were formed against the Jesuits. Sheptyts’kyi’s contacts with the Jesuit Society slowly decreased. His Jesuit masters, that had introduced him into priesthood, were dying one by one.
Images of decay, both psychological and physical, permeate much of J.G. Ballard’s fiction, creating in effect a unique aesthetic that has acquired the eponymous description “ballardian.” This imagery, stemming from the surrealist tradition, is more than aesthetic affectation; it is, as this article argues, the manifestation of an eschatological theme underlying much of New Wave science fiction. This article also addresses how scientific discourse, especially references to entropy, and surrealist aesthetics intersect in his novels (High-Rise and The Drowned World) to provide a metaphor for Ballard’s frequent use of decay imagery. Though the surrealist component of his imagination has been well documented, what still invites closer scrutiny are the ideological assumptions linking Ballard’s incorporation of surrealism with the work of other surrealists and the way Ballard develops this theme for his own purposes.
The article brings up a complicated problem of the measurement of national power. Many researchers have made numerous attempts to describe the issue in the theoretical view. Theoretical models which were drawn up can give reports of state powers which are not always too competitive. In practice, the task of setting the real measurement and comparing national powers is very complicated. In this area the most appropriate are models of F.C.German and J.S.Cline. Factors affecting the establishing of position of the state are various. For example the role of having the nuclear arsenal is still significant, but not as important as it was in the 1960s and 1970s. Of course the basic elements like geographical situation, relations with bordering states, military, economic, demographic component still exist. At present earlier determinants in form of: energetic resources, radioactive elements, petroleum, natural gas, demographic factors, even cultural attractiveness are gaining importance in positioning power. Position of power is not given forever and can change even as a result of random events.
We are certainly living in the age of growing isolation, atomization and dehumanization of various forms of human existence and activity. This generalization applies in equal measure to present academic life, and the process has been greatly accelerated by the disappearance of many traditionally rooted forms of university life, as well as detrimental effects of all-pervading Covid-19 epidemic, both on university teaching, but also on the process of popularization and exchange of scientific knowledge. In contrast to present point-hunting nature of academic life where success is measured by the number of vaguely-defined and subjectively granted points the figure of Professor Jacek Fisiak stands out as the symbol of multidirectional academic success in various socio-political systems in which he happened to be active, both in Poland and on the international academic scene.
I try to answer a question opposite to Kant's question, namely I don't ask if the metaphysics is possible as the science, I ask if the science is possible as the metaphysics? I carry on controversy with Ted Harrison's metaphysics of intelligent design (with the metaphysics of projected universes).
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