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Distribution of antibiotic resistance and the presence of vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Sea of Marmara, the Canakkale Strait and the Istanbul Strait, Turkey

100%

Çardak M. , Altuğ G. , Ayad M. , Erol Ő.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

2016

tom Vol. 45, No. 2

182--190

We investigated the frequency of antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and the presence of vancomycinresistance genes in samples taken from the Sea of Marmara, and the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits, Turkey. Different colony-forming bacteria were isolated and identiffed with the VITEK 2 Compact 30 system. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. The isolates were tested against amoxicillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, ce azidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, o oxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and gentamycin. e presence of vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) was also investigated. the level of Enterobacteriaceae species was higher in the Sea of Marmara than in the Istanbul Strait and the Canakkale Strait. Isolates showing resistance to the greatest number of antibiotics were identiffed from E. coli isolates. the resistance of the selected bacterial isolates were as follows: kanamycin (82%), vancomycin (78%) and ampicillin (60%). Some intermediately vancomycin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates had the vanA gene. This study provides evidence of widespread bacterial resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics in marine environments. It also contributes to the knowledge on the distribution of antibiotic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and indicates the importance of control measures in domestic water treatment.

Variation of the cold intermediate water in the Black Sea exit of the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and its transfer through the strait

84%

Altiok H. , Sur H. I. , Yuce H.

Oceanologia

2012

tom 54

nr 2

The cold intermediate water (CIW, T<8◦C) entering the Strait of Istanbul and its variation along the strait have been studied by using monthly conductivitytemperature- depth (CTD) data sets collected during the period from 1996 to 2000. In the northern exit of the strait, CIW is located between the seasonal thermocline and Mediterranean water originating from the lower layer of the Sea of Marmara. The thickness of CIW decreases from April to October. In the Strait of Istanbul, CIW is observed as a layer of temperature <14◦C. The thickness of this modified cold intermediate water flowing southwards with the upper layer decreases, while its temperature increases along the strait due to mixing with adjacent water. In the southern exit of the strait, the modified cold intermediate water is observed during the period from May to October. If CIW exists in the Black Sea exit region of the strait, modified cold water is found in the Marmara exit region during the same period. The distribution of CIW in the Strait of Istanbul contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of the strait, especially in the summer months.