Author analyses in this study the character and the development of trade between Austria-Hungary and Japan before First World War. He pays attention to the beginning of mutual trade, to the trade conditions in Japan, to the development of maritime transportation to the Far East and to Japan’s the striving for revision of unequal treaties. The final part of the study summarizes the findings about the proper development of the trade.
As the basic statistical summaries prove, during the inter‑war period China did not belong among the main business partners of Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, the Chinese market played an important role in the sales strategy of certain Czechoslovak companies, including those which held a significant position in Czechoslovak industry. Škoda Works and Sellier & Bellot are included among the relatively narrow group of companies which were able to find success in the Chinese market. Their “Chinese trades” were in some respects similar, but in others fundamentally different. Both companies had to face problems which for instance arose from the very specific nature of the unstable and from the Czechoslovak point of view extremely exotic market. On the other hand, the reasons for their successes in the Chinese market were somewhat different.
This paper was devoted to the evolution of agricultural policies conducted by three powers of great importance in agricultural production – the United States, the European Union and the People’s Democratic Republic of China. The article presents the history of the origin and evolution of agricultural support instruments of all three entities. The current instruments of the agricultural sector support were compared within these economies. There were relationships and dependencies between various agricultural policies described. On the basis of the experience gained by countries in the previous years, the authors try forecast future paths of development of agriculture policies in these entities after 2013.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest ewolucji polityki rolnej prowadzonej przez trzy mocarstwa Stany Zjednoczone, Unię Europejską i Chiny, które odgrywają dużą rolę w produkcji rolnej. W artykule przedstawiono historię powstania i ewolucji instrumentów wsparcia rolnictwa wszystkich trzech podmiotów. Porównano instrumenty wsparcia sektora rolnego w tych gospodarkach. Wskazano relacje i zależności między polityką rolną wskazanych mocarstw. Na podstawie doświadczeń zdobytych przez kraje w latach poprzednich, autorzy starają się podać prognozy przyszłego rozwoju polityki rolnej w tych jednostek po 2013 roku.
This paper analyses the impact of international fragmentation of production on comparative advantage of European Union countries in international trade. Fragmentation is measured by new method based on the concept value-added trade by decomposition of total value added trade into domestic value added and foreign value added content of export. The analysis used two main data sources: OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added Database (TIVA), and World Input- Output Database. Foreign value added affected EU Member States comparative advantage – its impact on various industries was adverse. In some cases it improved RCA indexes while in others using domestic value added for the calculations resulted in a larger comparative advantage.
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