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1

Mit amerykańskiego Zachodu na łamach czasopisma „Wędrowiec” (1863–1906)

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Stocka A.

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2015

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tom Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2015, tom 13

EN

In the article I have examined the way in which the American West of 1863–1906 was shown in the Warsaw magazine “Wędrowiec”. I have mainly focused on articles published from the late 1870s to the year 1906, when the last issue of the weekly appeared. I have chosen this specific magazine, because it specialized in issues concerning geography and travel. Throughout the period when “Wędrowiec” was published, the subject of the American West of 1863–1906 appeared in over 150 issues. Thus, one may risk a statement that the subject was quite popular with the readers. It is also to be stressed that no other region of the USA was given so much attention as the West. The magazine published the highest number of articles in the 1870s and 1880s. In the 1890s and at the beginning of the twentieth century the subject appeared only sporadically, which was due to both the change in the nature of the magazine and smaller interest of the readers in the United States. The subject of the American West, complex and exotic, was very attractive. However, with time and with the progress in the colonization process, it was difficult to find topics which had not been discussed up till then. Despite that, all major changes taking place in this region were duly observed. Also regions which earlier had not caused much interest among readers started to be reported on. The readers could also observe changes in the image of the Far West. Articles appearing in “Wędrowiec” throughout the period it was published dealt mainly with: Indians, Mormons and the Chinese. Other inhabitants of this area did not attract so much attention.

2

Wymiar ewangelizacyjny Instrucción de la orden que se ha de tener en la doctrina de los natrurales z roku 1545, autorstwa biskupa limskiego Jerónimo de Loaysa

75%

Szyszka T.

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nr 48

117-136

EN

Over a dozen years since the beginning of evangelization of Andean world, in year 1545 the first bishop of Lima Jeronimo de Loaysa issued Instruccion de la orden que se de tener en la doctrina de los natrurales. In this document he presented his notion about the ways and methods how to evangelize autochthons. This instruction was addressed to all missionaries who were involved in evangelizing Indians. In eighteen chapters of this instruction were presented the following questions: problem of freedom in converting local Indians to Christianity, issue of administering of sacraments to Indians, the basic catechesis, importance of sacral buildings and legal regulations concern marriage arrangement, keeping fasts and celebrations of Church’s feasts. Content of this document was placed in the final document of the First Synod of Lima from year 1552. Directives of bishop Loaysy from the year 1545 showed the directions and main concepts of evangelization of Indians in South America during the colonial period.

3

Czejenów „droga przez mękę” (na podstawie przekazów historycznych, literackich i filmowych)

63%

Bobowski S.

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nr 9

114-130

EN

In the autumn of 1878, nearly 300 of the north Cheyennes, under the leadership of Little Wolf and Dull Knife, decided to escape from the nightmarish reservation in Oklahoma and to return to their homeland in Yellowstone (Wyoming). They had to march almost 2,000 kilometres to return to their beautiful country. But it was to be a road through hell. Especially for the part where Dull Knife tried to shelter from the severe winter at Fort Robinson, where the Indians of the group were slaughtered. This essay presents four works describing the dramatic and tragic moment of the history of this beautiful and proud tribe of Cheyennes: a famous historical account by Dee Brown, a historian and writer who has been interested in the fate of American Natives for nearly his whole life (Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee , 1970), the novel The Last Frontier (1941) written by the leftist writer, Howard Fast, a documentary novel by Mari Sandoz titled The Cheyenne Autumn and the famous movie under the same title by John Ford (1964).

4

Los ritos, los curanderos y la ley

63%

Krysińska-Kałużna M.

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nr 10

139-160

PL

Odmienność ontologiczna, na jakiej opiera się prawo stanowione i tubylcze prawo zwyczajowe w Ameryce Łacińskiej, jest jednym z ważniejszych problemów występujących w polu konfliktu prawnego pomiędzy obydwoma systemami. Odmienność ontologiczna świata tubylczego widoczna jest m.in. w sposobach wydawania i wykonywania wyroków. Kara ma często charakter rytualny, ponownie włączający osobę karaną do społeczności. W wielu kulturach, w których czary są zjawiskiem powszechnym, wyroki wydawane są przez szamanów i uzdrowicieli. Ilustrując powyższe stwierdzenia przykładami z różnych kultur tubylczych Ameryki Łacińskiej, artykuł wykazuje, że prawo oparte na wizji świata zachodniego niejednokrotnie nie może być adekwatną odpowiedzią na różne wydarzenia mające miejsce w światach tubylczych. Dzieje się tak choćby dlatego, że w świecie racjonalności pozytywistycznej wydarzenia te lub zjawiska po prostu nie istnieją.

EN

The ontological difference on which positive law and indigenous customary law in Latin America are based is one of the most important problems in the field of legal conflict between both systems. The ontological difference of the indigenous world is visible, among others, in the ways of passing and executing sentences. Punishment is often ritualistic and reintegrates the punished person into the community. In many cultures where witchcraft is a common phenomenon, sentences are given by shamans and healers. Illustrating the above statements with examples from various Latin American indigenous cultures, the article shows that law based on the vision of the Western world often cannot be an adequate response to some events taking place in indigenous worlds. This is not least because in the world of positivist rationality these events or phenomena simply do not exist.

5

USTAWA O EDUKACJI LUDNOŚCI RDZENNEJ: PANACEUM KANADYJSKICH ABORYGENÓW?

63%

KOZACHUK O.

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nr Nr 4(2)

124-134

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się wokół sytuacji Aborygenów kanadyjskich, głównie ich edukacji. Stara się przedstawić kwestię poprawienia edukacji tej ludności poprzez odpowiednie działania rządu federalnego, władz lokalnych, organizacji społecznych, przywódców plemion. Powstała „Ustawa o edukacji ludności rdzennej” być może stanowi panaceum na edukację narodów i może stać się atutem rządu podczas rozwiązywania problemów ludności rdzennej Kanady.

EN

What led to such a low level of indigenous peoples’ education? What are socio-political aspects of this issue? What are the Aboriginals’ demands? What exactly should the Canadian political elite (federal government, local authorities, NGOs, tribal leaders) do to improve the situation in the sphere of education? What are the methods the Canadian government has chosen to implement First Nations Education Act? All of these issues are important and require thorough analysis. It the end, we will try to understand whether the First Nations Education Act is indeed the panacea for Aboriginal Canadians, and if educa-tion could become government’s trump card in the fight against the indigenous peoples problems.

6

Niezapomniana lekcja historii początków Ameryki Łacińskiej

51%

Liszka P.

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tom 9

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nr 2

23-35

EN

The inhabitants of the sun-scorched rocky Pyrenean peninsula could at least in some of the terrain of South America discover a new paradise, lost arcadia, a land of primeval bliss. The very names of the cities seem to bear out this impression: Buenos Aires (Good Air) or Costa Rica (Rich Coast). Still, it was the idea of continuity, i.e. building the new world with the cultural roots in the old, on the old continent. Both Spanish scholars and ecclesiastical authorities favoured this idea. The indigenous population was recognised as citizen with full rights and who as such were deemed able to take over the Spanish cultural heritage and enrich it with their own. This ideal design failed to be completed for a variety of reasons. The political stage in Europe absorbed the strength and attention that could otherwise have been directed to America. The golden age of cultural and economic development in Spain was followed by years of drawbacks, decline and implosion. America lacked the support from the old continent that it needed. No wonder then that the sinful side of the human nature took the upper hand over the virtues: these included greed and competition for power. The newcomers from Spain would attain affluence at the cost of the Indians turning them into serfs. Nowadays their offspring has long been free, but they have also remained destitute. On the contrary, the America settled by Anglo-Saxons has always been the America of free colonisers. The Iberian America is a mix of colonisers and indigenous peoples, of the descendants of the free and the enslaved.

PL

Teologia – w świetle Objawienia – może zajmować się wszystkim, może być np.: teologia sportu, lotów kosmicznych, teologia historii, polityki, narodu. Interesująca jest teologia poszczególnych kontynentów. Artykuł podejmuje refleksję teologiczną nad początkami zjawiska kulturowo-geograficznego, które nosi nazwę Ameryka Łacińska. Podobnie jak w odniesieniu do Ameryki Północnej ideą przewodnią jest nowy początek ludzkości, nowy raj. Budowanie nowego świata zależy od ludzi, którzy go kolonizują. Ważny jest kontekst społeczny, kulturowy, polityczny i gospodarczy tego kraju, który dokonuje kolonizacji. Ameryka Łacińska budowana była przez Hiszpanię, a następnie przez Portugalię, czyli kraje Półwyspu Pirenejskiego, kraje katolickie, pod wieloma względami różniące się od protestanckiej Anglii, kolonizującej Amerykę Północną. Kontekst religijny widoczny jest w podejściu do ludzkośći miejscowej i w widzeniu doczesnego i zbawczego sensu przyszłości.

7

Arabskie plantacje goździków na Zanzibarze i Pembie w XIX w.: uwarunkowania społeczne i kulturowe

51%

Żbik S.

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nr 45

99-134

EN

The article analyses the Arab clove plantations on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba in the nineteenth century. The aim of this analysis is to show the functioning of a non-European model of plantations using slave labour. The author presents the organisation of work on the clove cultivation and characterises the owners and the workforce. He describes not only changes that affected this system in the nineteenth century, but also indicates the extent to which the plantations themselves contributed to the social and economic transition of the islands. The Arab model of plantation is shown compared to the similar systems in the Americas, highlighting common features of this institution as well as its unique elements on Zanzibar and Pemba.