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1
Content available remote Bezzałogowe pojazdy do wykrywania min i IED
100%
PL
W artykule omówiona została problematyka wykrywania min i IED z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowych pojazdów. Przedstawiono zarówno światowe rozwiązania jak i prace prowadzone w Wojskowym Instytucie Technicznym Uzbrojenia w ramach projektu badawczo-rozwojowego dotyczącego wykrywania min i IED za pomocą systemu wieloczujnikowego.
EN
Paper discussed the problem of detection of mines and IED’s by using unmanned vehicles. Some world solutions and results of work carried out in the Military Institute of Armamnet Technology under the framework of a research-development project relating to detection of mines and IED’s by using multi-sensor system are presented.
EN
In the article, the concept, design and realization of the technological demonstrator of a mobile device for generating an electromagnetic curtain (with a name AEGIS) were presented, both in the hardware and software areas. The device is designed to block the radio communication which allow detonating the Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs). The preliminary laboratory tests of the demonstrator for generating the jamming signal, that were presented in the paper, aimed at assessing the correctness of the device operation and verification of generated signal parameters. On the basis of the obtained results, the ability to jam the cellular systems as well as other radio devices operating in the frequency band from 400 MHz to 2700 MHz was assessed.
EN
This paper shows preliminary numerical analysis of impact of IED sidebar blast on the hull of the light fighting vehicle in order to meet the current standards. Numerical analysis was carried out using a 3-dimensional shell FE model of the vehicle. The problem of the modelling method and computer simulations required several specific features for applied material models, e.g. physical state, plasticity, crispness, hardness. All necessary material properties were taken from the available literature or they were based on the experimental tests carried out in the Department of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science at the Military University of Technology. The STANAG 4569 is a legal basis that regulates the level of ballistic protection for such vehicles. Companies producing that kind of armoured vehicles for army, constantly look for the best and the newest energy consuming materials to ensure appropriate protection of the vehicle and the crew inside it against the effect of IED blast. The connection between a detonation wave and a formed shrapnel shell after detonation of the IED is created depending on the mass and kind of the charge. It is caused by impulsive load on a side bar or the bottom of a light vehicle. Both, safety of people and equipment endurance, is compatible with main rules that are common in Polish Army and it will be common rule in future. It is the fact that motivates the research centres and the arms industry to develop a product using advance computation method to construct new energy absorbing construction which will increase safety of the crew in the armed vehicle.
EN
The paper presents experimental static tests of IED interrogation arm for Shiba special vehicle. The test was performed by Military University of Technology and Military Institute of Engineer Technology. A number of strain gauges and camera markers were placed on the arm to allow recording strains and movements of specific construction points. The arm's motion was recorded using high speed camera. The equipment used were Vishay EA 06 120LZ 120 strain gauges with ESAM Traveller bridge. The sampling rate was 1000 Hz. The test was to pick up maximum design weight, move it to maximum overhang and then drop it on the ground. During the test, signal from gauges and video capture was recorded. The data was then processed using Thema 3D software to obtain markers displacements and angular changes of both arm parts. Afterwards, the test was repeated for different weight. The analysis showed, that maximum stresses in examined construction parts did not exceed yield stress of material. As well as that, in-depth motion analysis of the arm was conducted. Further works are twofold. Firstly, there will be tests concerning arm under dynamic load occurring during normal maintenance During this test only strains in specific construction parts will be recorded. Secondly, numerical model of an arm will be developed and validated using data obtained during both tests. This will help visualize stress distribution in each arm's part.
EN
More and more impudent attacks on the military convoys in Afghanistan proved a huge danger of the improvised explosive devices - IED. Huger and more clever charges are a serious problem for vehicles protection. Additionally, hitherto defence standards and STANAG didn't predict such huge charges. Majority investigations were based on a 3 kg anti-tank mine. The article presents the results of numerical calculations for the elements of the combat vehicle supporting structure loaded with an impact generated by explosion of a huge explosive charge under the bottom of the vehicle with consideration of the wave reflected from the ground. Such an approach allows obtaining a good approximation of numerical simulations to real conditions of terroristic attacks. Additionally, the analysis of IED side influence on the vehicle shell was conducted. The explosive charge — IED — was simulated with the use of concentrated energy of properly selected (on the base of literature investigations) density and initial energy. During analyses of side explosive on the vehicle structure, the obstacle in the form of a building increasing the pressure impulse was taken into account. The paper presents the results of a numerical analysis in which Euler and Lagrange domains(describing a vehicle) were coupled. A perfect gas model was used to describe air parameters.. Additionally, the ground was described with a gas model. Every kind of material data were selected on the base of experimental investigations. A bilinear material model with a Cowper and Symonds strain rate model was used to describe a vehicle. Such an approach fully describes the phenomena occurring in the system.
PL
Morskie improwizowane ładunki wybuchowe stały się ogromnym zagrożeniem dla transportu morskiego, którego globalny charakter ma wpływ między innymi na ceny dostaw surowców energetycznych. Artykuł zawiera ogólną charakterystykę IED, przykłady ataków z użyciem MIED oraz opis zagrożenia idącego wraz z wykorzystaniem min morskich w konfliktach zbrojnych trwających obecnie, jak i na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad. Na koniec przyjrzę się możliwościom wykrywania obiektów minopodobnych i przeciwdziałania morskim improwizowanym ładunkom wybuchowym (C-MIED).
EN
Marine improvised explosive devices have become a huge threat to the maritime transport, especially shipping of the energy resources. This article contains general IED characteristics, examples of attacks using the MIEDs and description of the threat which goes along with the use of naval mines in military conflicts today and in the past. Finally, I will look at the possibilities of detecting mine-like objects and countering the marine improvised explosive devices (C-MIED).
EN
The aim of presented work is examination of blast wave, especially incident and reflected wave pressure. Due to many difficulties and complexity of phenomenon a complete study for different charges should be done. In presented paper two cylindrical TNT charges were used, weighting respectively 100 g and 200 g. Pressure wave was examined using original test stand designed and developed on Department of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science. A test steel test plate with 5 mm thickness was equipped with pressure gauge to measure reflected wave. Additionally, the plate was placed on four special electroresistance strain gauges...To measure force Vishay EA-06-120-060LZ strain gauges were used. For amplification of the dynamometers with strain gauges, MS1001 INFEL bridge was used. The system was used to validate the results from reflected wave pressure gauge. Shock wave pressures was measured using a special sensor model 137A21 amd M350B21 made by PCB Piezotronics At specific distance there was also incident wave pressure gauge. In order to fully examine the dynamic response of the plate an accelerometer was used. As a result, pressure versus time and acceleration versus time plots were obtained. The results will be used to validate numerical model of blast wave impact on a plate.
EN
Numerical simulations without preliminary validation and model verification are vulnerable to errors. Best results are obtained when full experimental research is provided. Such tests are expensive and may be dangerous. Due to cost control and personnel safety, studies are often done in scale. Scale can affect both construction dimensions and applied load. In this paper four different vehicle's bottoms are examined: flat bottom and 3 types of deflectors. The paper presents four different vehicle's bottom shapes in order to examine deflector angle influence on energy absorption. The test included 4 cases: flat bottom broken-shaped deflector and deflectors with different apex angles 124 centigrade and 144 centigrade. For all cases the distance between explosive and panel was approximately 400 mm. The charge used was 100 g TNT. Flat bottom and deflectors were made of St3 steel with 2 mm thickness. For the purpose of the research a special test stand to examine effects of detonation wave was used. The force measurement system was designed in Department of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science. As a result, force versus time plots were obtained. The use of any deflector decreases maximum force affecting vehicle's hull.
EN
IED (Improvised Explosive Device) – those special type of mines have occurred in the last decade with particular intensity in the recent Afghan conflict. Due to their structure and the use of large weights of explosives, the improvised explosive devices pose very high risk on any wheeled AFVs. There is a need to have some logistic solution, to security transport of damaged AFV. Polish army needs a new semi- trailer, which would be able to transport damaged AFV on it, from Afghan to Poland, by special cargo airplane, call "Rusłan". Although this paper does not cover mounting of the loaded flatbed to the deck of the aircraft, this subsection analyzes the way how the crew of AN 124-100 aircraft fixes the AFVs during the flight. This study is the result of the research and development project No.O R00 0085 12 "Ancillary flatbed for loading of damaged AFVs ROSOMAK on board of the plane." This paper presents the results from execution of the conceptual works related to the ancillary flatbed construction concept. The construction of technology demonstrator commences on the basis of a scientific and industrial consortium (Military Institute of Armour and Automotive Technology-Air Force Institute of Technology -CELTECH-HYDROMEGA).
PL
Jednym z możliwych scenariuszy ataku terrorystycznego jest umieszczenie (podłożenie) improwizowanego ładunku wybuchowego (IED - improvised explosive device) na dnie basenu portowego w pobliżu cumującej jednostki pływającej. Wykorzystanie do tego celu pospolitych pojemników o rożnych kształtach, może nie budzić żadnych podejrzeń, tym bardziej, że pojemnik spoczywa pod powierzchnią wody, i z tego miejsca stanowi zagrożenie infrastruktury portowej, jednostek cumujących w porcie oraz ludzi i ładunku na ich pokładach. Uznając taki scenariusz za prawdopodobny, z wykorzystaniem nie budzących podejrzeń, pospolitych zasobników odpowiedzieć na pytania: Jaka ilość materiału wybuchowego (w pojemniku) jest niezbędna do uszkodzenia celu ataku? Jakie uszkodzenia a'priori wywoła określona ilość materiału wybuchowego dla różnej wielkości jednostek pływających? W odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania, dokonano analizy możliwości użycia różnych rodzajów pojemników, a na podstawie obliczeń strefy rażenia ładunku wybuchowego - dokonano oszacowania zakładanych uszkodzeń jednostki pływającej będącej celem ataku.
EN
The one of the possible scripts of the terroristic attack on moored ship is to locate the improvised explosive device (IED) on the port seabed near to it. Utilization to this purpose quite ordinary containers, may not arouse any suspicions of the port authorities, but the threat of the seaport infrastructure, mooring ships, ships’ crew and cargo is obvious. Recognizing above as probable, there is a need to give answers for the important questions: Which quantity of the explosive charge indispensable for ship damage? What a’priori damages will trigger the definite quantity of the explosive charge for the various size of ship? As the answer on above questions, the analysis of the various kinds of containers for explosive charge were executed. Further, for the real conditions of the Gdynia seaport, on the basis of the calculations of the striking range of the explosive charge, the estimation of assumed damages for target ship was executed.
11
Content available Selected protective algorithms of modern IED
94%
EN
The paper presents some aspects of the work IED protection algorithms. These functions are hidden deep in the algorithms, however, very important for the power protection automation during abnormal failure in the MV lines. These functions have not been tested yet. An example of this problem is action of the IDMT overcurrent protection when the input current changes its value after protection start-up. Another example is the work of an earth fault protection based on Y0> criteria, when Y0 signal is distorted. The article is entirely based on the experience and measurements conducted by the author in the laboratories of the Institute of Electrical Power Engineering Poznań University of Technology.
EN
Currently, Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) are a weapon that is commonly used by terrorists. There are specialized combat engineering EOD subunits in the Polish Armed Forces intended to counter this threat. Due to their complexity and danger that they pose, the tasks carried out by these subunits can only be assigned to adequately prepared soldiers. On the basis of the literature and his own observations, the author hypothesizes that the above-mentioned subunits’ readiness to carry out their tasks is not adequate. Readiness should be perceived as a collection of factors influencing one another, such as organizational structures, human resources, military equipment, and training. Having analysed each of the factors listed above, the author concludes that due to the everchanging dynamics of the IED environment, it is necessary to continually improve combat engineering subunits’ readiness.
PL
W artykule opisano ogólne założenia projektu ICAR (ang. Inteligent Control of Adversary Radio-communication). Przedstawiono również budowę oraz możliwości stacji zdalnego sterowania modułu urządzeń do kontroli łączności przeciwnika oraz platformy lądowej. Ponadto opisano budowę urządzenia zakłócającego, funkcje poszczególnych elementów składowych, przeznaczenie i możliwości oprogramowania sterującego.
EN
Electronic warfare and control of the adversary communications is one of the most important factors determining the success of a military mission. The information obtained from the sensors can provide data for situational awareness and the generated jamming signals are intended to block the adversary communication system. An important feature of these methods for generating jamming signals is to minimize their negative impact on own and allied systems. Moreover, improvised explosive devices IEDs are one of the major threats for equipment and people staying in areas of military operations. The IEDs are made using homemade materials. Their detonation can be done in many ways: wire detonation, using infrared sensor, noise detectors, pressure detectors, etc. For this purpose one can also use typical wireless radio systems like GSM, PMR, garage door opener, radio system using in children toys etc. This problem has been recognized also by the European Defence Agency (EDA ). It started ICAR (Intelligent Control of Adversary Radio-communication) project in 2009. During the project realization, a demonstrator of UGV mounted jammer was created. This paper contains assumptions and description of ICAR project. Next, a remote control station for UGV and a jamming system are presented, especially a structure of application and functionalities which can be used by the operator. Construction of the jamming equipment, functionality of the basic elements, purpose and capabilities of the control application are also presented.
PL
W pracy opisano wstępne wyniki symulacji numerycznej zjawiska sprzężonego oddziaływania wybuchu i odłamka na płytę stalową. Kształt odłamka przyjęto na podstawie STANAGu 4569. Do przeprowadzenia symulacji wykorzystano metodę elementów skończonych (MES) zaimplementowaną w programie MSC Dytran. Obliczenia numeryczne wykonano w opcji explicite na wieloprocesorowym klasterze obliczeniowym. Niezbędne do budowy modelu dane materiałowe zaczerpnięto z dostępnej literatury.
EN
Impact resistance of material structure and standardizations issues, concerning armoured objects, are discussed in many articles. Recent military conflicts show that the Improvised Explosive Devices are the most dangerous threats to the soldiers. In this article an analysis of simultaneous impact of steel ball and blast wave on an armour plate is presented. The simulation was conducted using FE method implemented in MSC Dytran. As a result, stress maps, displacement and energy graphs were obtained. The data was later used to adjust the numerical model. Such an analysis is important in the modern armour design process as it allows investigation in many cases without excessive costs.
EN
The article discusses the main issues concerning threats for forces’ security resulting from the possibility to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs), problems how to define IEDs, their construction typology, as well as directions of possible changes in the Polish Armed Forces in order to counteract IEDs so as to ensure the forces’ security and safety. These changes should include such areas as doctrines, training and education, structures and equipment, procedures and tactics of command bodies’ and subunits’ functioning and an appropriate information campaign.
PL
Ataki terrorystyczne z wykorzystaniem materiałów wybuchowych są jedną z głównych form działania grup terrorystycnych. Działania podjęte przez poszczególne kraje i organizacje międzynarodowe ograniczyły w pewnym stopniu dostęp do produktów umożliwiających wykonanie materiałów wybuchowych. Jednak bezpośredni dostęp do istniejących już materiałów wybuchowych nie został do dziś skutecznie rozwiązany. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję działań zmierzających do znacznego ograniczenia tego dostępu oraz wskazano konkretne propozycje rozwiązań.
EN
Terrorist attacks using explosives are one of the main forms of action by terrorist groups. Actions taken by individual countries and by international organizations partially restricted access to products used for making the explosives. However, direct access to existing explosives has not been effectively resolved to date. The article proposes measures to significantly reduce this access and identifies specific solutions.
EN
The following paper is a review article. It is an attempt to analyze the most widely available publications of Salafi terrorist organizations addressed to European supporters. This article concentrates primarily on publications describing tactics related to committing acts of terror on civilian population. Organizations like AQ and ISIS suggest launching attacks using the most available resources (attack using a knife or a sharp tool, arson, ramming with a vehicle), constructing various kinds of IED (pipe bomb, pressure cooker bomb), encourage to attack in public and poorly protected places or advise on how to organize a shooting and hostage-taking situation. Moreover, they state bluntly that theft, vandalism or causing major traffic accidents are also actions which can help in the war with infidels. The substantive value of the instructions is questionable – the authors of many of them (e.g. the attack using a knife) have vague idea about equipment and combat. The content of these publications suggests that they are prepared for people relatively young, with no general experience in life and combat training. Terrorist organizations skillfully select passages from Quran and hadiths to find a pseudo religious justification for barbarism and cruelty. Finally, they treat all victims indiscriminately – all infidels deserve to die and killing them is a glorious achievement.
PL
W wyniku eksplozji pod pojazdem militarnym wzrasta ryzyko zagrożenia życia i zdrowia załogi. Rozpatrywanie tego zdarzenia pod kątem bezpieczeństwa żołnierzy sprowadza się do złożonej analizy wzajemnych oddziaływań ciała żołnierza, siedziska i elementów konstrukcji pojazdu. W efekcie działania fali uderzeniowej występują oddziaływania powodujące drgania wynikające z wibracji konstrukcji oraz przyspieszenie ciała pasażera. W pracy podjęto próbę analizy wpływu eksplozji improwizowanego ładunku wybuchowego (IED) pod pojazdem militarnym na ryzyko powstania urazów kręgosłupa szyjnego żołnierzy. Analiza została wykonana z wykorzystaniem metod numerycznych w programie LS-DYNA i prowadzona była uwzględniając zmienne wartości przemieszczenia oraz przyspieszenia rejestrowane podczas wybuchu.
EN
Risk of danger for military vehicle crew life and health increases when explosion under vehicle appears. Consideration of this phenomenon in the aspect of soldiers safety is based on coupled analysis of soldier's body, car seat and vehicle construction elements. As the effect of blast wave interaction the vibrations of construction and passenger body acceleration appear. In the paper the analysis of improvised explosive device (IED) detonation under the military vehicle was carried out in the aspect of soldier neck spine injury. The analysis was made with the usage of numerical methods in LS Dyna computer code and considered the changeble values of displacement and acceleration registered during detonation.
PL
Celem pracy jest próba oszacowania kosztów, jakie musi ponieść polski sektor elektroenergetyczny oraz omówienie możliwych wariantów dostosowania istniejących instalacji energetycznego spalania do wymogów konkluzji BAT na skutek wprowadzenia do prawa polskiego Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2010/75/UE z dnia 24 listopada 2010 roku w sprawie emisji przemysłowych – zwanej Dyrektywą IED. Dyrektywa oprócz wprowadzenia nowych zaostrzo-nych standardów emisyjnych wymaga, aby w ramach dokumentów referencyjnych dotyczących najlepszych dostępnych technik – BREF, dla rodzajów działalności przemysłowych wymienionych w jej aneksie I zostały opracowane konkluzje BAT, określające wymagania związane z najlepszymi dostępnymi technikami BAT na terenie całej Wspólnoty Europejskiej, które mają być m.in. podstawą do wydawania pozwoleń zintegrowanych przez właściwe organy ochrony środowiska. W opublikowanych projektach konkluzji BAT zawarto istotne zaostrzenia wymogów emisyjnych dla instalacji opalanych paliwami stałymi względem obecnie obowiązujących przepi-sów i dyrektywy IED.
EN
The goal of the study is to estimate the cost of adapting the Polish energy sector and its existing combustion plants to the requirements of BAT conclusions as required by the implementation of the Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (also known as the Industrial Emissions Directive or IED) and discuss possible methods for such adaptations. The Directive in addition to the introduction of new strin-gent emission standards require that within the Reference Documents on Best Available Techniques – BREF for the types of industrial activities listed in its Annex I conclusions BAT have been developed, defining requirements for best available techniques throughout the EU which will be the basis for integrated permitting by the competent environmental authorities. In the published draft BAT conclusions significant tightening of emission standards for power installations burning solid fuels in terms of the current provisions and IED are included.
PL
Referat został poświęcony symulacji działania generatora zakłóceń szerokopasmowych z uwzględnieniem efektów występujących w rzeczywistym urządzeniu i determinujących kształt widma nadawanego sygnału. W artykule zawarto podstawowe informacje dotyczące projektu Aegis, w ramach którego powstaje mobilny generator kurtyny EM. Następnie opisano przyjęty model symulacyjny, uwzględniający czynniki warunkujące postać sygnału na wyjściu rzeczywistego generatora. Przedstawiono także wybrane wyniki symulacji dla przykładowej konfiguracji symulatora.
EN
This paper is related to simulating operation of a wideband jamming signal generator, considering the effects present in real device which influence the shape of transmitted signal’s spectrum. The article presents basic information about Aegis project, aim of which is to develop a mobile generator of EM curtain. Next, simulation model is described which includes the factors determining the form of the signal at the output of real generator. Selected simulation results for specific configuration of generator are shown as well.
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