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Kilka uwag dotyczących konsekwencji gwałtu wojennego na przykładzie Bośni i Hercegowiny

100%

Czeszejko-Sochacka K.

tom 20

nr 1

35-46

The civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina2 was one of the bloodiest armed conflicts after the end of the Second World War. Despite the passage of years, it is still a painful part of reality for a large group of the country's population. During the war, human rights were violated in the form of ethnic cleansing, murders, and so-called genocidal rapes. Women who were raped face social stigma to this day. According to conservative estimates, approx. 4000 children were born as a result of rapes. Today, the adult generation of "children of shame" experiences social ostracism in almost all spheres of life. Their situation is affected by the fact that they are not recognized as "victims of war" under the current regulations. This situation is slowly beginning to change, but it is a long-term process that requires intensified efforts not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also in the international arena.

Wojna domowa w Bośni i Hercegowinie była jednym z najkrwawszych konfliktów zbrojnych po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Mimo upływu lat nadal jest bolesnym elementem rzeczywistości dla dużej części mieszkańców tego kraju. W czasie wojny dochodziło do łamania praw człowieka w postaci czystek etnicznych, mordów i tzw. ludobójczych gwałtów. Zgwałcone kobiety do dziś spotykają się z napiętnowaniem społecznym. Według ostrożnych szacunków w wyniku gwałtów urodziło się ok. 4000 dzieci. Dziś dorosłe pokolenie „dzieci wstydu” doświadcza ostracyzmu społecznego w niemal wszystkich sferach życia. Na ich sytuację wpływa fakt, że w świetle obowiązujących przepisów nie są uznawani za „ofiary wojny”. Sytuacja ta powoli zaczyna się zmieniać, ale jest to proces długotrwały, wymagający wzmożonych wysiłków nie tylko w Bośni i Hercegowinie, ale także na arenie międzynarodowej.

Overall control test to internationalize an armed conflict

99%

Szpak A.

2011

nr 1(187)

7-32

The article presents so called overall control test to internationalize an internal armed conflict adopted in the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) jurisprudence. This test is used in order to hold an individual responsible for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949. The article begins with the creation and jurisdiction of the ICTY. The overall control test is presented by invoking and analyzing representative judgments of the ICTY such as the Tadić case (Trial Chamber 1997 and Appeals Chamber 1999), the Aleksovski case (Appeals Chamber 200), the Blaskić case (Trial Chamber 2000) as well as the Kordić and Cerkez case (Trial Chamber 2001 and Appeals Chamber 2004). The Tadić case is also compared to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Nicaragua case of 1986 where the ICJ used effective control test. The ICTY conclusions have been strongly criticized among the representatives of Polish and world doctrine (inter alia by W. Czapliński, T. Meron, M. P. Scharf, M. Sassoli and L. Olsen). Their views are included. The final remarks pertain to the ICJ judgment in the Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro case of 2007 where the ICJ in a way tried to reconcile two opposite legal views stating that the overall control test from the Tadić case was adopted to different purpose (namely to define the nature on an armed conflict and when found to be an international one to hold an individual responsible for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949) whereas the effective control test was created in order to hold a State responsible. In this case the ICJ decided to use the effective control test.

Współczesny wymiar zbrodni ludobójstwa

57%

Wierczyńska K.

tom 04(2)

31-46

Genocide was defined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and on normative grounds it was not subject to any amendments. Nevertheless, it was interpreted by different courts and tribunals which exercise the jurisdiction in the context of this crime. The courts defined the notions of the “protected group”, “to destroy the group”, “to destroy in whole”, and so on. After almost seventy years of its adoption, the Convention is quite a lively document with timeless value, and only constant recalling of the cultural genocide by the domestic courts reiterates that this crime left outside the Convention still needs its place in binding international law.