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EN
This article presents the history of Stanisław Karolus. He was born in Oświęcim in 1898 and the whole his life was connected with army. He served in Polish Legions and Austrian Army during the First World War. After 1918 he joined the new Polish Army as an officer. A few years he was also a soldier in 12 Infantry Regiment in Wadowice. In the rank of major he was in charge of a battalion in Polish Campaign 1939 and French Campaign 1940. The rest of life he spent on emigration in Great Britain and Switzerland. Author presents and quotes a lot of Stanislaw Karolus’ correspondence, especially from the period of First World War and with Maria Mościcka. In the majority author made use of the documents from his own archive, Archive in Polish Museum in Rapperswill, Archive in Jasna Gora.
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nr 4(445)
19-30
EN
The essay under discussion covers various military uses of sound and acoustics during the Great War. Taking from the important book Sonic Warfare by Steve Goodman, the author describes the importance of sound communication during the war as well as various acoustical research undertaken in order to detect enemies on new fronts (aeroplanes, submarines, miners). He traces broader cultural consequences of the importance of acoustics during the Great War and stresses its meaning for the cultural history of sound, as it was the time of creation of the modern military-industrial-scientific complex.
PL
W artykule przedstawiam udział Hiszpanii w I Wojnie Światowej oraz kierunki polityki zagranicznej tego państwa w okresie rządów generała Miguela Primo de Rivery. Analizie poddałam: przyczyny hiszpańskiej neutralności w ogólnoświatowym konflikcie, uwarunkowania polityki zagranicznej po jego zakończeniu oraz mocne i słabe strony działalności zewnętrznej generała Primo de Rivery. Pisząc artykuł stosowałam metodę historyczną, metodę analizy i krytyki źródeł oraz analizę porównawczą hiszpańskojęzycznych publikacji. Wywód jest zgodny z teoretycznymi założeniami realizmu politycznego.
EN
The article deals with the participation of Spain in the First World War and the directions of foreign policy of this country during the rule of general Miguel Primo de Rivera. The author has analyzed: the causes of Spanish neutrality in the global conflict, conditions of foreign policy after it, along with strong and weak sides of the external activity of general Primo de Rivera. The author of the article took full advantage of historical and analytical method, criticism of the sources, and comparative analysis of Spanish publications. The argumentation is compatible with the theoretical assumptions of realism in politics.
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tom z. 154
319--330
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to outline a history of the participation of Polish female soldiers in the World War I. Its outlines their commitment, struggle, and efforts made to contribute to Poland's military effort during the war. The article describes the legal situation of the military participation of women in Poland, and also deals with their role and place in society. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of the article was to organize, systematize and describe the knowledge about the role and participation of female soldiers of the Polish armed forces during the World War I. The above theoretical goal has been achieved by applying the methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and inference. Findings: In the course of the work were found results, which testify to historically underestimated contribution of women in war efforts. These, both in reinforcement and in other spheres of hostilities significantly contributed to the end of the war and its final result. Social implications: Publication of the article may contribute to increasing social awareness of the underestimated participation and involvement of female soldiers in military action during the war and of the social and cultural roles they fulfill. Originality/value: The article organizes and systematizes the knowledge about the military service of women in the described period. It is addressed both to people associated with all kinds of uniformed services, management and command, as well as people from the civilian environment.
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