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EN
The ZWZ/AK “Walentyna” unit operated in the larger part of the pre-war district of Orzechowce. It was a typical self-government district for the regions of Przemyśl and Dobromil, inhabited by Poles, Ukrainians (Ruthenians) and Jews. Owing to the fact that some Ukrainians had engaged in collaboration with the Germans, the Polish underground resistance movement in this area basically had two enemies, i.e. the Germans and Ukrainian nationalists, and later also the Soviets. This article discusses the conditions and the conspiracy activity of the ZWZ/AK organization in the district, as well as the actions carried out in the period under discussion. The text also attempts to show the reasons for a retaliatory and preventive action which took place in Małkowice, one of the villages of that unit after its dissolution in 1945.
2
Content available PROCES „INKI” W ŚWIETLE ÓWCZESNEGO PRAWA
88%
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nr 2(14)
26-33
EN
Danuta „Inka” Siedzik was a nurse. During the Second World War she belonged to the Home Army and to the independence organizations, which fighted with communist rule after the war. She was sentenced to death penalty and shot in jail in Gdańsk at the age of 17 for her service and fight. She belongs to cursed soldiers, that means activists of anti-communist underground. Although she died in 1946, her memory has been cultivated only for a dozen or so years. The aim of the article was an analyze of documents and interpret of legal regulations, which applied to Inka’ case. In the article compared content of the documents with regulations and that time. No moral judgment was made on the court’s decision, but were presented only the facts.
3
Content available Podobwód AK Sędziszów–Ropczyce „Sława”
75%
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nr Tom XXX
235-256
EN
The history of the Sędziszów–Ropczyce Sława Home Army Subdivision, which was separated from the Dębica Deser Home Army Division in the spring of 1944, has not been the subject of a separate study so far. Based on the documents available in State Archive in Rzeszów and the IPN Archives, the author has made an attempt to fill this gap. The basis of the study are the documents from the Home Army Inspectorate Rzeszów Rtęć (archives of the Subdivision and the Division were destroyed), supplemented by the accounts of the Home Army soldiers. The Sława Subdivision was created in the final period of anti-German conspiracy, but the outposts: Brzeziny Bomba, Sędziszów I Sława, Sędziszów II Gracja, Łączki Kucharskie Ławka, Ropczyce I Rakieta, Ropczyce II Ropa were being created and functioned from the very beginning of the occupation. Describing them one by one, the author focused on a different type of Home Army activity for each one. The selected activities of the outposts were nottheir exclusive domain, but this manner of description made it possible to show how the Home Army functioned in a condensed manner, and in every possible aspect.These aspects include: the creation of underground structures, training courses, acquiring weapons, intelligence and counter-intelligence, clandestine production of weapons, sabotage and diversionary activities, a functioning underground justice system, receiving air supplies, structural consolidation, preparations for an armed struggle against the occupant and its execution, and the activities of auxiliary services. As a conclusion, the fate of the soldiers of the Sława Subdivision is presented, from the point of the Soviet invasion onto the Subdivision’s territory until the order to dissolve the Home Army of 19 January 1945 came into effect.
PL
Historia Podobwodu AK Sędziszów–Ropczyce kryptonim „Sława”, który wyodrębniono wiosną 1944 r. z Obwodu Armii Krajowej Dębica „Deser”, nie była dotąd przedmiotem odrębnego opracowania. W oparciu o dokumenty z zasobów Archiwum Państwowego w Rzeszowie oraz Archiwów IPN podjęto próbę wypełnienia tej luki. Podstawą opracowania są dokumenty ze szczebla Inspektoratu AK Rzeszów „Rtęć” (archiwa Podobwodu i Obwodu nie zachowały się) uzupełnione relacjami żołnierzy AK. Podobwód „Sława” powstał w końcowym okresie konspiracji antyniemieckiej, jednak Placówki: Brzeziny krypt. „Bomba”, Sędziszów I „Sława”, Sędziszów II „Gracja”, Łączki Kucharskie „Ławka”, Ropczyce I „Rakieta”, Ropczyce II „Ropa”, tworzone były i funkcjonowały od samego początku okupacji. Opisując je kolejno, skupiano się na jednym, za każdym razem innym, rodzaju działalności AK. Zaprezentowane tu, wybrane działania Placówek nie były ich wyłącznymi domenami, ale taka forma opisu pozwoliła w sposób skondensowany ukazać funkcjonowanie AK w każdym z możliwych aspektów. Były to: tworzenie struktur konspiracji, szkolenia, pozyskiwanie broni, wywiad i kontrwywiad, konspiracyjna produkcja broni, działania dywersyjne i sabotażowe, funkcjonowanie podziemnego wymiaru sprawiedliwości, odbiór zaopatrzenia lotniczego, akcja scaleniowa, przygotowania do wystąpienia zbrojnego przeciwko okupantowi, jego realizacja oraz działalność służb pomocniczych. W ramach podsumowania przedstawione zostały losy żołnierzy Podobwodu „Sława” po wkroczeniu na jego teren Sowietów – aż do chwili wejścia w życie rozkazu o rozwiązaniu Armii Krajowej z 19 stycznia 1945 r.
XX
The article takes a close look at one female cell in Mokotów Prison in Warsaw, where from September 1949 to early 1950, five women were held together: Sabina Stalińska, Halina Zakrzewska, Tonia Lechtman, Ewa Piwińska, and Vera Szot. Stalińska and Zakrzewska both belonged to the Home Army. Lechtman and Piwińska were both committed and active Communists. Szot was arrested for her participation in the Ukra¬inian Insurgent Army. They spent their early months of interrogation in fearful anticipa¬tion of the coming days. Their interpretation of the situation as well as their allegiance to postwar Poland differed. The varied composition of the cell appeared to be an addi¬tional burden, as if confinement in an extremely overcrowded space was not punishment enough. Yet, the existing sources show that, despite the women’s ideological differences, the cell that they shared became an emotionally and intellectually open space, where at least some of the women attempted to understand each other. Their ideological commit¬ments and Communism were the most neutral topics of their discussions. These talks became their framework of self-exploration, which led to the close relationships that some of them continued years after the release.
EN
The article is to show, in a very condensed form, how security issues were reflected both in the course of service and in the daily life of a Home Army soldier. This is illustrated by the example of the Armed Forces Headquarters in the country. It brings up, among others, such problems as the security of conspirational meetings, mail exchanges, transfer of service materials. It also discusses underground premises and the rules for using them, as well as false documents that allowed for relatively safe movement around the city. The situations described in the article are illustrated with actual cases from archival materials or memories.
PL
Artykuł ma ukazać, w bardzo skondensowanej formie, jak zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa odbijały się zarówno na toku służby, jak i życiu codziennym żołnierza Armii Krajowej. Pokazuje to na przykładzie Komendy Sił Zbrojnych w Kraju. Sygnalizuje m.in. takie kwestie, jak bezpieczeństwo spotkań konspiracyjnych, wymiany poczty, przenoszenia materiałów służbowych. Omawia też lokale konspiracyjne i zasady korzystania z nich oraz fałszywe dokumenty pozwalające na w miarę bezpieczne poruszanie się po mieście. Opisane w artykule sytuacje zostały zilustrowane konkretnymi przypadkami z materiałów archiwalnych lub wspomnień.
6
Content available Armia Krajowa w polskiej polityce historycznej
75%
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nr 4(25)
301-318
EN
This article is devoted to the issue of Polish historical policy with special emphasis on the role and position of the Home Army. The text is divided into four parts. The first paragraph explains the definition of historical policy and the goals that the polish state sets in shaping the politics of memory. The second part points out the position of Home Army soldiers in the times of Polish People’s Republic and the attitude of the elite then ruling to the independence underground. The third focuses on illustrating the change in the state’s policy towards the HA after the political transformation of 1989. The last part is devoted to the tradition of the Home Army currently cultivated by the Polish Army. The research hypothesis assumes that since 1945, the Polish state’s agenda both towards the HA as a whole and its individual soldiers has been changing.
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2021
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nr 51
EN
The article deals with the representation of World War II in the German Generation War and focuses on one particular plot, connected with the character of a German Jew who joins a Home Army unit. The way these events had been depicted, led to a lawsuit filed by a Home Army veteran and the Home Army World Alliance against the producers of the series. The main subject of the analysis are two main, extensive court letters (the lawsuit and the answer to it). They refer to both general issues (concerning the classification of historical films) and specific ones, namely five particular scenes from the film. On this basis, the author builds an argument, in the first part broadening the spectrum of theoretical reflection, and in the latter part concentrating on the interpretation of controversial scenes from the series. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the stylistic pattern applied by the creators and the multitude of textual elements used in the series is particularly important for the consideration of the objections raised by the complainant and during the trial.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy sposobu reprezentacji II wojny światowej w niemieckim miniserialu Nasze matki, nasi ojcowie. Autor skupia się na jednym wątku, związanym z postacią niemieckiego Żyda, który trafia do oddziału Armii Krajowej. Kanwą rozważań jest pozew sądowy wystosowany przez kombatanta AK oraz Światowy Związek Armii Krajowej przeciw producentom serialu. Zasadniczym przedmiotem analizy są dwa główne, obszerne pisma sądowe (pozew oraz odpowiedź nań). Odnoszą się one zarówno do zagadnień ogólnych – dotyczących klasyfikacji filmów historycznych, jak i szczegółowych – pięciu konkretnych scen z filmu. Na tej podstawie autor buduje wywód w pierwszej części poszerzający spektrum refleksji teoretycznej, w drugiej zaś – koncentrujący się na interpretacji kontrowersyjnych scen z serialu. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że mnogość zastosowanych w serialu elementów jest szczególnie istotna dla rozpatrzenia zastrzeżeń wnoszonych przez stronę skarżącą.
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2016
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nr 3
173-188
PL
W artykule przedstawiono krótki zarys historii formacji Cichociemnych – Spadochroniarzy Armii Krajowej, na podstawie życiorysu jednego z nich – Bolesława Polończyka ps. „Kryształ”. Zaprezentowana biografia obejmuje dzieciństwo i młodość bohatera, następnie okres podjęcia pracy zawodowej, przerwany wybuchem II wojny światowej, tułaczkę do Francji, rekrutację do legendarnej formacji, wreszcie – czas służby w okupowanej Polsce oraz powojenne losy „Kryształa”. Życiorys stanowi tło rozważań nad dziejami elity polskiej dywersji w trakcie II wojny światowej – począwszy od czasu powstawania formacji, poprzez okres szkolenia kandydatów na Cichociemnych, a na służbie tych żołnierzy w ZWZ/AK po skoku do okupowanego kraju skończywszy.
EN
The article presents a short history of the formation of “The Unseen & Silent” (Cichociemni) – Parachutists of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), based on the biography of one of them – Bolesław Polończyk alias “Kryształ”. The biography covers the period of Polończyk’s childhood and youth, then – the time of employment, interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War, the journey to France, the recruitment to the legendary formation, finally – “Kryształ”’s military service in occupied Poland and his post-war life. The biography constitutes the background of the reflections about the history of this Polish sabotage elite during the Second World War – starting with the time of its creation, throughout the period of the training of the candidates, until their military service in the Union of Armed Struggle/Home Army (ZWZ/AK) after their drops into the occupied country.
PL
Opracowanie dotyczy sprawy karnej, rozpoznanej przez Wojskowy Sąd Specjalny przy Komendzie Głównej AK, przeciw pchor. Tadeuszowi Szatkowskiemu „Gromowi”, żołnierzowi AK z placówki odbioru zrzutów pod Końskimi, oskarżonemu o przywłaszczenie pieniędzy na szkodę Polskich Sił Zbrojnych. Autor omówił materiał stanowiący podstawę przeprowadzenia postępowania karnego oraz wydania wyroku i kwestii związanych z jego niewykonaniem. Podjął próbę prawnokarnej analizy powyższej sprawy oraz wydanego wyroku w odniesieniu zarówno do wymogów formalnoprawnych, jak i słuszności wydanego orzeczenia. The study deals with a criminal case examined by the Special Military Court at the High Command of the Home Army against the Home Army Officer Cadet Tadeusz Szatkowski aka Grom, serving at the post to receive airdrops near Końskie, charged with appropriation of money to the detriment of the Polish armed forces. The author examines the source material on which the criminal case and sentence were based together with questions related to its non-execution. He attempts to make a legal-criminal analysis of the case and the sentence in relation to both formal and legal conditions, and the validity of the sentence.
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2018
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tom R. 8, Nr 13
69--86
PL
Autor, wykorzystując literaturę przedmiotu oraz źródła archiwalne, wskazuje najważniejsze kwestie związane z bezpieczeństwem pracy konspiracyjnej w czasie drugiej wojny światowej ZWZ-AK. Nie skupia się wyłącznie na opisaniu struktur i działania kontrwywiadu, na czym w większości koncentrują się badacze przedmiotu, ale zajmuje się również wytycznymi do służby pojedynczego żołnierza i ich realizacją przez żołnierzy podziemia. Ważną częścią artykułu jest wskazanie na wciąż nie do końca wyjaśnioną kwestię, jak wielki wpływ miał kontrwywiad ZWZ-AK na ukazujące się w podziemiu rozkazy oraz instrukcje dotyczące zasad postępowania konspiracyjnego.
EN
The author, using the literature of the subject and archival sources, indicates the most important issues related to the safety of underground work during the World War II of ZWZ-AK. It does not focus solely on describing the structure and operation of counterintelligence, that researchers of the subject mainly focus about, but also deals with guidelines for the service of a single soldier and their implementation by underground soldiers. An important part of the article is an indication of not exactly explained issue of how a huge impact had ZWZ-AK counterintelligence on the orders appearing in the underground and instructions on the rules of the underground proceedings.
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2011
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tom 1
123-157
EN
Feliks Badowski (born on 17th May 1923 in Warsaw) was a soldier who fought in ZWZ-AK (Union of Armed Struggle-Home Army). His account concerns his education and work, war experiences and life after the war. This witness describes in great detail his work in industry in occupied Warsaw and his struggle for independence in the frames of ZWZ-AK. He also mentions his studies within Towarzystwo Kursów Technicznych (Technical Courses Association). A vast part of the narrative is devoted to Feliks Badowski’s participation in the Warsaw Uprising – he tells us, amongst others, about preparations for armed resistance against the occupier, how the army units were organized in the first days of fighting, and about the attack on the citadel. A lot of focus is given to partisan activity in Kampinos Forest – the witness explains, for example, the structure of partisan forces, their help for the fighting Warsaw, sabotage actions and how they received deliveries by airdrops. This account gives us also some insight into the way the inhabitants of villages and towns near Warsaw perceived the Warsaw Uprising. Also, it relates the marching-out of partisan units and their way towards the Świętokrzyskie mountains, during which – near Żyrardów – they were defeated by Germans. A separate part of the narrative is devoted to reminiscences from post-war Wrocław – Feliks Badowski explains why he came to the Lower Silesia and pictures relations in his new place of work – Pafawag (Państwowa Fabryka Wagonów – National Rail Carriage Factory).
14
51%
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tom 77
36-62
PL
Armia Krajowa była największą konspiracyjną organizacją zbrojną na ziemiach polskich, która podczas drugiej wojny światowej prowadziła walki dywersyjne i sabotażowe przeciwko okupantom, a w 1944 r. podjęła akcję „Burza”, mającą na celu wyzwolenie kraju i przywrócenie mu niepodległości. Do szczególnie zaciętych walk doszło wówczas na Kielecczyźnie. Patriotyzm tamtejszej ludności oraz dogodne warunki terenowe sprawiły, że powstały tam największe oddziały partyzanckie, które już w 1943 r. wykonywały szeroko zakrojone działania zbrojne. W ich toku wielu żołnierzy odniosło ciężkie rany i obrażenia. W trudnych leśnych warunkach życia wielu partyzantów chorowało. Dla niesienia im pomocy medycznej Okręg Radomsko-Kielecki AK zorganizował własną konspiracyjną służbę zdrowia. Jej liczny personel w trudnych warunkach pracował niezwykle ofiarnie i z ogromnym poświęceniem. W artykule omówiono powstanie tej służby, jej rozwój organizacyjny, formy i metody ratowania rannych, leczenia oraz opieki nad nimi. Przedstawiono także sylwetki ludzi ją tworzących. Wielu z nich zostało zamordowanych przez niemieckich okupantów.
EN
The Home Army was the biggest resistance agency in Poland, which during the Second World War carried out sabotage operations against the occupier, and in 1944 engaged in operation “Burza”, to liberate and restore independence in Poland. In the Kielce district, there were very stiff battles. The patriotism of the local people and favourable terrain led to the creation of the biggest partisan units, which in 1943 carried out widespread armed operations. In field conditions a lot of them became ill. The Radomsko-Kielecki Region of the Home Army organized its own underground healthcare especially for partisans. Its numerous personnel in tough conditions performed outstanding work with great dedication. The article discusses the creation of that organization, how it developed, the forms and methods of treating and caring for the wounded. It also presents the people who created the healthcare, many of whom were murdered by the German occupier.
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nr 6(11)
498-502
EN
Mieczysław Marcinkowski’s diary entitled Wbrew losowi. Z partyzantki i tułaczki 1939–1945 was created in two periods of the author’s life and two geographical and cultural areas (Subcarpathia during wartime in Poland and California in the 1990s). Developed by a group of Rzeszów scientists, the diary of a Home Army fighter in Subcarpathia, later a refugee, now living in Pasadena, USA, is a record of events, experiences and reflections from wartime occupation and postwar exile. It is a convincing record of facts, which makes it a valuable source text for historians. It is also a work of some literary quality, written in spontaneous and sincere language that triggers empathy in the reader, and it is fairly original at the composition level.
16
Content available Jan Grudziński „Płomień” (1914-1948)
51%
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nr 1
167-177
EN
The sergeant Jan Grudziński, alias "Płomień" (eng. „Flame”) was born on the 23rd December 1914 in Kąkolewnica. Just before the outbreak of the war, he had served in the 6th Sapper Battalion of the 9th Infantry Division. He fought in the September Campaign. When the campaign had been finished he managed to avoid captivity and settled in his hometown of Rudnik. Jan Grudziński began his underground activity probably in 1941. After the establishment of the ZWZ-AK (The Union of Armed Struggle - Home Army), he conformed to the structures of that organization in Radzyń Podlaski’s District. The activity conducted at that time was focusing on combating informers and gangs, building an intelligence network, organizing sabotage and distributing underground newspapers. The "Flame" took part in the "Burza" operation (eng. Operation „Tempest”). He had participated in battles with the Germans until the 35th Infantry Regiment of the Home Army was disarmed by the Soviets. After the dissolution of the Home Army, he did not reveal himself and continued his struggle with the communist regime as a part of the Resistance Movement, and then the Freedom and Independence Organization. He was in charge of the militia unit in the IV region. Then he was promoted to the rank of sergeant. He took part in the attack on Radzyń Podlaski on New Year's Eve in 1946. After the falsified election, he revealed himself on the commander of the district order, but he hid a part of the weapon. Arrested in July 1947 by the communist Security Office, he was imprisoned in the Castle in Lublin and subjected to a brutal investigation. He was sentenced to death with the verdict of the Military District Court. After the execution, the body of Jan Grudziński was secretly buried, probably in the cemetery at Unicka Street in Lublin.
EN
Female Sabotage Troops in the Underground Army in 1940–1944, Based on the Relations and Memories of their Members The tradition of Polish women participating in pro-independence activities dates back to the nineteenth century. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, they had joined political parties and participated in the military preparations undertaken by these parties. In 1918 they even created the first female military formation – the Voluntary Legion of Women, which took part in the war on the border of the Second Republic. The next phase was their participation in the preparation of defence during the interwar period, followed by service in the Polish Victory Service/Union for Armed Struggle/Home Army (SZP-ZWZ-AK) in 1939–1945. A female unit, code-named ‘Cooperative’, was established in the structures of the SZP’ s Department I (Organisational) Chief Command, and led by Col. Maria Wittek. The most important organisational development of the Women’ s Military Service took place in 1942. After renaming the Union for Armed Struggle (ZWZ) to the Home Army (AK), the Commander of Home Army issued order No. 59 on 25 February 1942, which formally established the WSK (Women’ s Military Service) and published detailed guidance on its operation. As an official task, it was foreseen that – in addition to sanitary service, communications, administrative, and economic and educational propaganda – women would also take part in acts of sabotage, intelligence and combat. For this reason women in the underground army were not only invited to join male sabotage subunits, but they also created their own ones. The latter teams included the Women Mining Patrol (KPM) and the Women’ s Department of Subversion and Sabotage, code-named ‘Discus’. The KPM was established in March 1940. Until 1942 they were part of the Union of Retaliation, and in November of that year they joined the Kedyw. The commander was Zofia Franio. ‘Discus’ was also established (in April 1942) within the structures of the Union of Retaliation, and then Kedyw, under the command of Lt. Wanda ‘Lena’ Gertz. Sabotage tasks by both troops began as early as 1942. The largest level of action by the KPM took place in 1942–1943, and ‘Discus’ in 1943–1944. In late 1943, members of both troops were withdrawn from diversionary actions and redirected toward preparations for the uprising, which included aiding in the production of incendiary bottles and gathering them in specially prepared quarters. At the outbreak of the uprising, the two female sabotage and diversion troops were reorganised. KPM ceased to operate within the structures of the Kedyw Warsaw District and was recreated into 16-member Female Branch of Sappers led by Dr. Franio, with the remaining mine layers sent to various male branches. The ‘Discus’ unit passed to the structures of Lt.-Col. Jan ‘Radosław’ Mazurkiewicz. It is difficult to precisely determine the number of women performing diversionarysabotage tasks, as many of them were not registered. During the occupation, ‘Discus’ consisted of approx. 100 members and KPM approx. 50. During the uprising, in total there were around 100 women performing these tasks, which accounted for only 1.4% of the women fighting in the Army at that time. Most members of the underground army acted as messengers or nurses, or performed other auxiliary tasks.
EN
Elżbieta Zawacka was dedicated herself to both military as well as educational activity in the interwar period. She started her activity in the Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet (Female Military Training) and became a commander of PWK of Silesia Region. Those activities included from organization and conducting courses for young people. After the outbreak of the Second War World she was volunteering in the defence of Poland in September 1939 and next, she enrolled to the underground army, where she served as liaison and courier. As a courier, she smuggled important letters from Warsaw to Headquarter of the Polish Armed Forces in the West in London. She returned on Polish territory before the Warsaw Uprising. She was also participating in the insurgents straggle during the period from August to October 1944. After the end of the war, she devoted herself to historical and educational work. The establishment of the General Elżbieta Zawacka Foundation. Pomeranian Archives and Museum of the Home Army and the Military Service of Polish Women was her important accomplishment in the post-war period. She has been awarded many honors for her merits not only in military service but also in educational, historical and social spheres. She got the Cross of Valor, Cross of Merit and the Home Army Cross during the war. After the war, she was appointed as the general in 2006. Except that, she got the Order of the White Eagle in 1995 and the title of Custodian of National Remembrance in 2002. Elżbieta Zawacka connected a professional, military and pedagogical activity for all her life. Her attitude was showing that she had never resigned of her goals. In this context she was both a good soldier as well as “feminist”.
PL
Elżbieta Zawacka, już w okresie przedwojennym, poświęciła się zarówno działalności wojskowej, jak i pedagogicznej, czynnie angażując się w działalność Przysposobienia Wojskowego Kobiet i pełniąc m.in. funkcję Komendantki PWK Rejonu Śląskiego. W ramach tej działalności m.in. organizowała i prowadziła szkolenia dla młodzieży. Po ataku wojsk niemieckich czynnie uczestniczyła w kampanii wrześniowej, a następnie wstąpiła do armii podziemnej, podejmując służbę najpierw w łączności, a potem kurierską. W ramach tej ostatniej przewiozła pocztę do Sztabu Naczelnego Wodza w Londynie, gdzie również prowadziła rozmowy na temat łączności oraz uregulowania prawnego służby wojskowej kobiet. Z Londynu powróciła na ziemie polskie, wykonując skok spadochronowy z cichociemnymi, a następnie uczestniczyła w powstaniu warszawskim. Po zakończeniu wojny poświęciła się pracy naukowej i pedagogicznej. Jedną z jej zasług w okresie powojennym było utworzenie Fundacji Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej, Archiwum i Muzeum Pomorskiego Armii Krajowej oraz Wojskowej Służby Polek. Za swoje zasługi w działalności militarnej, a także na polu naukowym, pedagogicznym i społecznym E. Zawacka otrzymała nagrody i wyróżnienia. Jeszcze w okresie wojny została odznaczona m.in. Krzyżem Walecznych, Krzyżem Zasługi i Krzyżem Armii Krajowej, a po wojnie, w 2006 r. otrzymała stopień generała brygady. Oprócz tego w 1995 r. odznaczono ją Orderem Orła Białego, a w 2002 r. Prezes IPN nadał jej tytuł Kustosza Pamięci Narodowej. Przez całe swoje życie E. Zawacka łączyła pracę militarną, społeczną i pedagogiczną. Jej postawa świadczyła o tym, że umiała walczyć o swoje prawa, nie rezygnowała z obranego celu i niezależnie od okoliczności kontynuowała karierę zawodową. W tym kontekście można ją nazwać zarówno zasłużonym żołnierzem, jak i „feministką”.
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2020
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tom Vol. 68, nr 5
461--466
EN
At the end of 1987, 12 titles of sheets of a manuscript geological map of Poland, the existence of which had not been known to the researchers before, found their way to the collection of the National Library. Currently, they form a very valuable historical collection. The research of individual sheets in connection with information published by Bogusław Krassowski (1981) and facts from the biography of Professor Edward Rühle, published by his colleagues - geologists, allowed documenting some aspects of the underground activity of Polish geologists. The tactic map sheets 1:100,000, printed in the 1930s (except for the previous sheet Wyżwa) at the Military Geographic Institute (MGI), were use das the basis for the sheets being processed. Geological information has been manually marked on the map since at least mid-1942. The Iłża and Solec sheets document the names of geologists performing field (and possibly in-office) work: Władysław Pożaryski, Edward Rühle, Jan Samsonowicz, Czesław Kuźniar and Mieczysław Kobyłecki. Two sheets contain written dates indicating the period of their creation: “sendon 10/6. 1942” on the Iłża sheet, and the E. Rühle's reference number with the date2. XII [II or III]. 1942on the Opole sheet. Regardless of the direct purpose of these maps, they are testimony to the activities of the Geological Department of the Geographical Service of the Headquarters of Home Army, and document the underground work carried out by geologists of the Polish Geological Institute.
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Content available remote Kolejarski ruch oporu : sylwestrowe dywersje (1942/43)
51%
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tom nr 4
140--143
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