The figure of Alexander Birkenmaier is well known among modern medievalists and it was several times presented (e.g. by M. Kurdziałek, B. Korolec and Th. d’Alverny), notwithstanding, it is worth to be re-analyzed and re-estimated along the changing context in which his studies are read. Though for Birkenmaier a history of medieval philosophy was not the main point of interest, he managed to formulate many theses that paved the way for the next generations of scholars. Among his academic achievements the discovery of the fragments of Quaternuli by David of Dinant and the sketch of the Aristoteles Latinus project have and will be always recalled. From the today’s perspective the effects and style of Birkenmaier’s research evoke a kind of nostalgia for the pioneer’s period of the medieval studies that offered much broader possibilities than the times, in which we work now.
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Artykuł przedstawia rozważania nad właściwym znaczeniem pojęcia prawa, wpisujące się w dyskusję na temat jego konkretnego i abstrakcyjnego ujęcia. Posługując się arystotelesowską ideą phrónesis, autor stara się rozstrzygnąć problem metodą konceptualnej podróży, rozpoczynającej się od Ius romanum w czasach starożytnych, biegnącej poprzez nowożytny Kodeks Napoleona i znajdującej swój kres we współczesnym projekcie Konstytucji Europejskiej.
The article examines how Hegel’s negative view of Byzantium is different from the Enlightenment’s critique and especially from Voltaire’s criticism of medieval history. In order to account for the Hegelian specificity of interpretation an effort is made to translate the chapter on Byzantium from the Philosophy of History in terms of the analysis of the Phenomenology of the Spirit and, more precisely, on the basis of the chapters on sensible certitude and on the domination and servitude. Considering that for Hegel every philosophical school possesses an autonomous value, one has to wonder why the Byzantine moment of the Spirit is destined to stagnation. The question about Hegel’s Neoplatonism, especially his affiliation with Proclus’s system, shows how the distance separating the Hegelian system from the Proclusian one explains the inadequacy of the latter as to drawing the consequences from the Byzantine spiritual stagnation.
FR
The article examines how Hegel’s negative view of Byzantium is different from the Enlightenment’s critique and especially from Voltaire’s criticism of medieval history. In order to account for the Hegelian specificity of interpretation an effort is made to translate the chapter on Byzantium from the Philosophy of History in terms of the analysis of the Phenomenology of the Spirit and, more precisely, on the basis of the chapters on sensible certitude and on the domination and servitude. Considering that for Hegel every philosophical school possesses an autonomous value, one has to wonder why the Byzantine moment of the Spirit is destined to stagnation. The question about Hegel’s Neoplatonism, especially his affiliation with Proclus’s system, shows how the distance separating the Hegelian system from the Proclusian one explains the inadequacy of the latter as to drawing the consequences from the Byzantine spiritual stagnation.
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