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Pompeii and Herculaneum: ancient cities at the foot of a volcano

100%

Kurek J.

Przestrzeń i Forma

2024

tom nr 58

99--124

Pompeii and Herculaneum are exceptional architectural complexes, and together with the Torre Annunciata, are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They are unique, world-scale, still preserved ‘visions’ of ancient Roman cities – the technical and material culture of the ancient world. The past centuries have allowed their discovery and accessibility to researchers and visitors – with their various positive and negative consequences. This affected, among others, the evolution of academic theories and attitudes, as well as the choice of technical methods and conservation materials.

Pompeje i Herkulanum to wyjątkowe kompleksy architektoniczne, wraz z Torre Anunziata wpisane na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. To unikalne – światowej rangi – zachowane do dziś „wizje” starożytnych rzymskich miast – technicznej i materialnej kultury Antyku. Minione stulecia pozwoliły na ich odkrywanie i udostępnianie badaczom i zwiedzającym – z różnymi pozytywnymi i negatywnymi tego skutkami. Wpływało to m.in. na ewolucję teorii i postaw naukowych, a także na wybór metod technicznych i materiałów konserwatorskich.

MAŁE POMPEJE GABINET POMPEJAŃSKI W DAWNYM MUZEUM MIEJSKIM W SZCZECINIE

100%

Łopuch M.

Ochrona Zabytków

2005

nr 3

39-48

The discovery and exploration of the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii, inaugurated at the beginning of the eighteenth century, proved to have been an adventure in classical archaeology and a school of its scientific methods. The greatest revelation of the excavations conducted in the Campagna cities destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, was the immense variety of numerous murals, frequently preserved in excellent condition. The Municipal Museum of Szczecin was established in 1910, and opened to the public in the middle of 1913 after the construction of an imposing building. The main part of the Museum collections was composed of antiquities donated by the Dorn family, encompassing original monuments together with copies of classical works of art and crafts. One of the showrooms on the stately first storey of the Museum, featuring copies of monuments from the two Vesuvius cities, was known as the Pompeian Room. In the course of organising the classical expositions, Walter Riezler, the Museum director, decided to show also copies of Pompeian murals. His conception assumed the form of the so-called Pompeian Cabinet, a smaller interior distinguished from the Pompeian Room, with walls covered with copies of murals from the collections of the National Museum in Naples. They included architectural and decorative motifs as well as landscapes and figural compositions: Medea, Three Graces and Concert. The Cabinet was completed and opened to the public in May 1930, i .e. twenty years after the original concept was initiated. Its prolonged implementation was caused by assorted organisational and financial problems connected with wartime turmoil and the inflation of the 1920s. The first stage of work on the Cabinet involved the execution of copies of the aforementioned originals on display in Naples (at the time the largest collection of Pompeian wall paintings transferred from the excavated buildings). The authors of the copies included Munich-based painters Sophie F. Hormann and, after her resignation, Herman Völkerling, who executed part of the compositions in Naples. They were followed by Otto Dannenberg from Berlin (1928-1929). The decorations were a compilation of motifs and depictions originating from assorted monuments from the two towns, and thus were not copies in the literal meaning of the word. The resultant museum interior was a sui generis pastiche, whose purpose was to present both the character of the Pompeian houses and the style and technique of their painted embellishments.The author of the project and the painters who decorated the Cabinet devoted much attention and effort to assorted technical and technological aspects in order to recreate the technology of the classical mural, at the time totally unravelled (and up to this day not finally resolved), surrounded with an aura of mystery, and a source of fascination shared by artists and researchers alike; this held true especially for the effect of the deeply saturated colours and the glistening and smooth surface of the murals. The Szczecin Pompeian Cabinet has not been preserved despite the fact that the building of the former Municipal Museum survived the second world war and today is one of the seats of the National Museum in Szczecin. Most probably, the Cabinet was destroyed or liquidated during the first postwar years. In 2004 an exposure of the walls of the former Pompeian Room disclosed remnants of the Cabinet murals, but more extensive in situ research has not been inaugurated. The collections of the National Museum in Szczecin also include a copy of Cupid Chastised (tempera on plaster), whose connection with the Cabinet has not been satisfactorily explained.