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EN
Because of the observed global warming, growing early varieties of soybeans can be taken in moderate climate conditions, ie in Poland. The article presents yielding of soybean variety Merlin - the only mingled and inoculated with soil bacteria Rhizobia, based on the production results of three animal experimental farms, located in the western and warm belt of our country. Achieved varying levels of perceived yielding soybeans, as a protein source of non-GMO varieties. The range of the analysis was extended to compare the costs and profitability of soybean versus oilseed rape. Soybean advantage over rape results from the possibility of its use as a binding plants use nitrogen and acting as part of ecological greening.
EN
The paper presents the reform principles of the direct payments for the period 2014-2020. Against the background of the analysis of the direct payments’ evolution, it was found that its assumptions are broadly consistent with previous trends which assume the link of support with the fulfillment of standards for environmental protection. It was noted, however, that specific solutions in many places are contrary to care for the environment and, above all, can contribute to a reduce the production potential of European agriculture. In relation to microeconomic analysis, it was found that the assumptions of the proposed reforms may contribute to a reduction in agricultural income, at the same time more of their dependence on agricultural policy instruments. Despite this, it was concluded that for most of the analyzed groups will reasonable in economic terms to receive payments and adherence to the principles of the green component.
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EN
The study is an attempt to discuss the requirements to be met by agricultural farms in Poland as a result of the obligation of greening. Changes in the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union implemented in recent years and their pace are becoming more and more important. The new system of direct payments for 2015–2020 sets a number of new obligations for the farmers that they must take into account while planning the structure of production, in order not to expose themselves to the loss of payments received.
EN
In the article it was developed scientific and methodical approach to the assessment of the level of environmentally focused dematerialization of socio-economic systems. The concept of resource usage efficiency according to the principles of dematerialization largely shifts to the greening focus. Instead of spending money on the technical attempts of purification of waste and emissions, this approach is focused on saving money by rationalizing the use of natural resources that can be a way out of the economic crisis, with which Ukraine has faced. The essence of the proposed approach is to calculate material inputs per unit function, provided to the consumer by production, and to specify the material inputs according to the stages of product life cycle. This approach allows estimating the potential economic loss and impact on the environment of the product, which is used to provide specific services.
EN
The paper presents assessment of impacts of introducing the greening scenario of the Common Agricultural Policy, proposed by the European Commission as an alternative for the reformed CAP after 2013. A number of variants of the greening was analyzed. Assessments were made for selected types of crop farms from the FADN sample with the use of the LP optimization farm model. Types of farms were defined according to the level of diversifi¬cation of crop production, that was calculated with the index of concentration of cropping structure CCR. Greening of the CAP leads to changes in the cropping structure. Required diversification of cropping structure and obligatory 7% of ecological focus area results with a decrease of farm incomes comparing to baseline scenario, that assumes continuation of the current CAP.
EN
The necessity of introduction of environmental insurance reclaimed land as an effective instrument of regulation of environmentally sound economic activities on reclaimed land in the context of food security.
EN
In October 2011 the European Commission presented a legislative package, which, after possible adoption by the European Parliament and the Council, will implement the new rules of the Common Agricultural Policy, beginning from January 1, 2014. In its assumptions the legislative package was meant to be an answer to the main objectives and challenges facing the CAP. According to the European Commission, its proposals also constitute a significant step towards the simplification, greater flexibility and efficiency of the CAP. This study attempts to estimate the EC proposals relating to the reform of the CAP after 2013 and its effects for Polish and European agriculture. Many new solutions such as: a "new" basic payment system, greening as an obligatory element of direct payments or a simplified small farmers assistance scheme, are accompanied by the practically unchanged method of distribution of funds among the member-states, which preserves glaring disparities in the average rates of direct payments. Therefore, the further part of the study indicates the possibilities of modification of the EC proposal towards a more equitable CAP.
EN
In metropolitan areas concentrate a number of problems associated with the use of road transport. Automotive pollution causes adverse effects in the life of the population, in particular, the increase of certain diseases, economic losses to industries manufacturing and service sector. Therefore, the solution of these problems is an urgent task of our time.
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