Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Rzymskie i wczesnobizantyjskie złoto w barbarzyńskich skarbcach i sakiewkach [IV-VI wiek n.e.]

100%

Iluk J.

Polonia Sacra

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2011

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nr 29(73)

63-96

EN

In every epoch the political and economic problem was the flow of gold out the country. In Late Roman Empire sums paid as annonae foederaticae, tribute and donativa are traceable in the source material. On the other hand, there is much evidence of tribute paid to barbarian tribes. This information has often persuaded historians that these payments were the main reason for the collapse of the Roman economy. We have tried to demonstrate that such a view is too extreme. Above all, one has to remember that Imperial diplomacy did not allow the number of recipients of gold to increase and, more important still, it was able to maintain these payments at an almost constant level for two centuries. We might add that from the mid-5th century onwards, there was a noticeable increase in the gold stocks in the Eastern Empire’s treasury. The purposes of the tributes varied depending on time and political circumstances. An analysis of the sources shows that payments of imperial gold usually involved: – the purchase of a military alliance with some barbarian leader – the protection of the state from barbarian invasions – the support of pro-Roman pretenders to barbarian thrones – the buying off of prisoners of war Tributes were usually paid out at the imperial court where representatives of barbarian leaders had come to collect them. The entire operation was directed by the comes sacrarum largitionum. These payments are described in the sources as stipendium, which were remitted annually to the emperor’s foederati. The provenance of the recipients of Roman gold shows clearly from which direction Rome expected the greatest threats. In the 5th century, it were the Huns who were paid the largest sums of imperial gold. Numerous tributes were paid to the Gothic tribes, also in the second half of the 5th century. During the 5th century lavish pay-outs in gold were other tribes. Above all we should keep in mind the massive contributions paid to the Visigoths in the first years of this century. From the mid-5th century onwards, tributes were paid from the treasury of the Eastern Empire. In Zeno’s time, large quantities of gold were put aside as donativa for the Isaurians. In the 6th century, almost all the outgoing gold found its way to Persian. In the 560s, new “receivers” of Byzantine gold appear on the scene, in areas bordering on the Black Sea and later in the Danube valley. In the history of the Byzantine Empire the chapter of struggles with the Avars now opens. These instances of the imperial wealth at the close of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries demonstrate that the tributes paid out to the barbarians did not directly threaten the financial statem of the Empire. Silent witnesses of these contributions and the same time lingering traces of the stormy period of tribal migrations in the 5th and 6th centuries are the hoards of solidi still found occasionally in Central and Northern Europe. The finds of gold coins in areas to the north of the Danube and east of the Elbe quite clear that these solidi were almost all issued in the 5th century and the first half of the 6th – the last issues of Justinian’s rule. The majority of finds have been made in Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast, indeed 50 of the 70 hoards were discovered in this area. The spread of gold coins from the Danube to Scandinavia came about in stages. The first one was the transport of the gold from the imperial treasury to the seats of the Hun or Gothic rulers. From there, in the second stage, many gold coins became scattered about the entire Barbaricum area as result of trading or tribal connections. It must be stressed here that only part of the solidi received from the Romans were accepted in inter-tribal dealings. Most of the coins were melted down, and the gold later used in the production of jewellery.

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RINGS MADE OF TWISTED WIRE AND THEIR IMITATIONS FOUND IN TRANSILVANIA, CRIȘANA, BANAT, AND DOBRUDJA (10TH – 12TH CENTURIES)

75%

Oţa S.

Konštantínove listy

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2017

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tom 10

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nr 2

98 - 113

EN

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the rings made of twisted wire and cast specimens imitating the twisted ones. Such adornments were discovered in 40 sites situated in the area of 33 nowadays settlements. The rings, made of gold, silver and bronze, were mostly found in funerary structures, less in treasures or accidental discoveries. In order to gather more information about this type of jewellery, the author have analysed the burials in which were deposited, the chronology of the cemeteries, the funerary rite, rituals and other adornments that have been associated with the above mentioned rings. The association, in some cases, of the rings with coins provides significant data regarding the absolute chronology of the items. The way such adornments were manufactured, the patterns and the territorial distribution were discussed too. Finally, he has tried to answer to the complicated question regarding the origin of such rings. Taking into account their territorial distribution, he believes that such rigs were rather a fashion than markers of a certain funerary horizon.

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TECHNOLOGY AND RISK – BRONZE AGE HOARDS AS A FORM OF RISK MANAGEMENT

75%

Lane D.

Študijné zvesti

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2024

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tom 71

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nr 1

89 – 113

EN

Bronze Age hoards have been prominent feature of archaeological research for over one hundred years and as such a topic of different interpretations. Focus has been and is often put on the question whether profane or cultic reasons and intentions should be seen behind the depositions. This paper aims to show that the hoarding practice can also clearly be seen as a form of risk management and an expression of coping with risks, whether those are encountered on an everyday level or as selective actual threats. The range of potential risks spans from maybe predominantly “economic” to also significantly “metaphysical” ones. The paper touches on the role of bronze as a valuable material and a significant form of property. While the raw metal could be re-melted and used for many purposes, artefacts in object form carried an individual and symbolic value and meaning. This paper is based on the preliminary analysis of the Late Bronze Age/Urnfield hoards Attersee I – IV excavated at Buchberg im Attergau in Austria as part of the BeLaVi – project in 2019. The deposition of these hoards likely represents a protection of goods connected to the experience of a “historical” threat. This paper will present the case study, the composition and nature of the hoards, and discusses and contextualises the ideas involved.

4

ZLATÁ ZÁUŠNICE Z HOMOL (OKR. ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE) JAKO DOKLAD KONTAKTU JIŽNÍCH ČECH S KARPATSKOU KOTLINOU VE STARŠÍ DOBĚ BRONZOVÉ

75%

Chvojka O. , John J.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2020

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tom 68

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nr suppl 1

237 – 246

EN

The article deals with a new unique find of a gold earring of the so-called Transylvanian type from Homole in South Bohemia. A detailed typological-chronological analysis is supplemented by an XRF analysis of golden alloy. The earring can be considered as evidence of either a direct or at least mediated influence from the Carpathian Basin to Bohemia in the Early Bronze Age.

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EXPANZIA TEZAURÁCIE ZLATA AKO DÔSLEDOK STRATY DÔVERY VO SVETOVÉ MENY

75%

Pavelka Ľ. , Turan A.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2014

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tom 62

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nr 2

199 – 218

EN

Gold has been historically defined as the medium of exchange. Its role is significant even today, reflecting lack of confidence in fiat currencies and turbulences in the markets with the major reserve currencies and bonds denominated in them. Until 2009, there was an apparent trend of central banks to reduce the volume of gold reserves. However, after the full break out of the financial crisis in 2008, the trend reversed towards greater hoarding of gold. Investors are also turning to gold as an investment and increase the volume of precious metals in their portfolios. High gold price broke a record in nominal terms, however, in real terms, did not reach 60% of the price level from 1980. In submitted paper, the authors devote themselves to the analysis of gold prices and factors affecting it and present the estimates of the future price development.

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Klasyczne objawy POChP a wynik przesiewowej spirometrii u pacjentów POZ w Bydgoszczy

63%

Dobosz K.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2013

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nr 3

308-311

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TECHNIKA DOBÝVANIA A POČIATKY ŤAŽBY ZLATA A STRIEBRA V DOLINE ŠTIAVNIČKY V NÍZKYCH TATRÁCH

63%

Hronček P. , Budaj M.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 1

25 – 46

EN

The study presents the techniques used in the surface and underground extraction of gold in the middle ages and reconstructs the history of precious metal production in the Štiavnička valley in Low Tatras in the historical territory of Brezno up to the end of the 16th century. The first part of the work deals with the history of panning for gold in the Štiavnička valley. On the basis of archive and field research, we succeeded in identifying and reconstructing the gold producing areas, which had an area of more than 100 ha. We analysed the form of the production area. We describe the technical procedures for obtaining the gold-bearing material and the subsequent extraction of the gold. It was precisely the alluvial gold obtained from the Štiavnička valley that made Brezno one of the prospering mining towns of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the second part of the article we analyse the beginnings of underground mining of gold and silver ores in the mines of the Štiavnička valley in the 16th century. On the basis of archive and field research, as well as using published expert works we analysed the techniques for extracting, transporting and processing the precious metal ores in the Štiavnička valley. We also mention specific examples of remains in the present landscape. In connection with the techniques for extracting ore in the late Middle Ages and on the basis of archive documents we worked out the history of extraction of gold and other precious metals in the Štiavnčka valley up to the end of the 16th century. We can regard the period up to the end of the 16th century as the golden age of gold or precious metal mining in the Brezno area. In the 17th and especially in the 18th century, extraction of iron ore came into the foreground in this area.