Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Obraz Čechů v polské společnosti. Příklad Haliče

100%

Baron R.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2009

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tom 95

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nr 2

279-288

EN

In the Czech historiographical works that have been published to date, due attention has not been paid to Czechs in Galicia. The partial attempts made, whose goal was to evaluate the part Czechs have played in the cultural and social life of Galicia during the period of the Austrian monarchy and from the second half of the eighteenth century until 1918, have been published, and continue to be produced mainly in the milieu of contemporary Ukrainian researchers and Czech compatriots living in Lvov. Both of these groups have also shared in the preparation of a biographical dictionary with the title 'Cesi v Halici' (Czechs in Galicia), which was published in Ukrainian in 1998. In 2007, the association called Czech Gathering (Ceska beseda) in Lvov published an exhaustive edition of its documents for the occasion of the 140th anniversary of their founding. In order to annex the territory of Galicia to the Austrian state in the second half of the eighteenth century, Vienna began to send its officials there, and among them, Czechs played a very significant role. As Slavs, they could more easily understand the Polish, Ukrainian or Ruthenian dialects of the local inhabitants. During the nineteenth century, besides the members of the diverse bureaucratic corps, there were also Czech tradesmen and craftsmen, merchants, intellectual and scientific workers, musicians, industrialists, brewers, physicians, foresters, railway workers and, fewest of all, also some peasant farmers. The influence of Czech-nationality officials was vital in forming a negative image of Czechs in Polish society. Poles, mainly from the ranks of the nobility and bourgeoisie, perceived them as an instrument of oppression from the side of the occupation; that is, the Austrian state. Their negative attitude and experiences are reflected in the numerous Polish memoirs describing that era. The so-called 'Galician brawls' were extremely significant in this context. These were where farmers who were supported by Austrian bureaucrats squared off in bloody conflict with Polish insurgents, participants in the Krakow Uprising. The subject of the image and stereotypes of Czechs in Polish society in Galicia was treated in literature by the famous Polish writer and publicist of German origin, Jan Lam (1838-1886), who composed the novel 'Wielki swiat Capowic' (Great World of Capowice) in 1869. The topic presented here is scholarly from the very beginning and remains a worthy task for further research.

2

Sociolingvistická situace v Galicii

100%

Pickova L.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2007

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tom 89

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nr 1

1-12

EN

Galicia is in the far north-west of the Iberian peninsula. It was an independent kingdom, until the mid-14th century, was Galician the language of the whole society. Since it had no native nobility or bourgeoisie, Galicia fell under permanent Castilian domination in the 13th century, with a significant influence on the use of the Galician, reduced exclusively for a private life in rural areas. In the 1950s begun the expansion of the education system and of the Castilian-language media, facilitated the generalized penetration of Castilian. Since 1981 it has possessed the status of an autonomous community within Spain. The autonomous government (Xunta) adopted a number of measures designed to promote the knowledge and use of Galician, but the effectiveness of the measures of Xunta is often questioned.

3

Polityka transportowa władców habsburskich na Śląsku Austriackim w czasach absolutyzmu oświeconego

100%

Popelka P.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 3

51–66

EN

The purpose of this article is the analysis of the initial stages of modern transportation infrastructure on the strategically exposed area of Austrian Silesia during the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. Following the Silesian wars the initial interest in high-quality road structure between Vienna and the wealthiest Habsburg province, Wroclaw, changed. The new purpose was to link Vienna with the centre of Austrian Silesia, Opava. Due to the geographical location of Austrian Silesia a link between east and west also became a necessity. The primary catalyst for the formation of transportation infrastructure in Austrian Silesia was the addition of Galicia, which resulted from the first partition of Poland. In order to ensure dominion in Austrian Silesia and in Galicia a new Silesio-Galician road from Opava to Bielsko was designed. It was constructed from 1775 until 1780. The reign of Josef II brought about a major change, he commissioned the construction of the strategically advantageous Galician Road, which linked Vienna with Galicia and upper Hungary, due to which the importance of Cieszyn Silesia as a transportation bridge increased even further. In the 80’s and 90’s of the 18th century in Cieszyn Silesia several more roads were built, they were supposed to ease transportation between Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Galicia and upper Hungary.

4

THE PROBLEMS OF EDITOR LUDWIK GUMPLOWICZ WITH THE OFFICE OF THE STATE ATTORNEY IN KRAKOW (1869-1871). THE SUPPLEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF AUSTRIAN CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS IN AUTONOMOUS GALICIA (Polish title below)

100%

Latos T.

Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

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2011

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nr 2(17)

27-39

EN

(Polish title: Redaktora Ludwika Gumplowicza potyczki z krakowska C. K. Prokuratoria Panstwa (1869-1871). Przyczynek do dziejow cenzury w Galicji autonomicznej). Ludwik Gumplowicz became an editor of Kraj in Krakow in October 1869 and soon he had the first contact with the watchful Austrian censorship. The articles which promoted national independence within the federation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, criticized the authorities or the army, or which had the liberal tone, made the Krakow office of the State Attorney take some measures. Although the constitution, the press law (passed in 1862) and its liberal amendments (1868), along with two press control acts from March 1869 guaranteed the freedom of speech, the state officials were still quite oppressive. Gumplowicz was an anticlerical who criticized fiercely the political and social status quo in Krakow and was rejected by the conservative elites of Krakow. As a result some of his newspaper's issues were confiscated and he went to court to demand compensations. He was frequently accused of breaking the law after publishing uncompromising articles in his newspaper but, in most cases, he was acquitted. In his court battles he showed his oratorical talent and anti-loyalist fierceness and used his legal education and experience as well (he studied law and worked as a solicitor). In the article we are trying to analyse the political significance of the incriminated articles and, by studying the court archives, examine how the court worked, and the law was executed, what were the motives of the legal action against Gumplowicz and how he defended himself in court.

5

OBRAZ SLOVIANSKOGO I NESLOVIANSKOGO SVITU V MENTAĽNOSTI GALYČAN ХІХ–ХХ ST.

88%

Golyk R.

Slavica Slovaca

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2013

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tom 48

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nr 2

161 - 171

EN

The author analyses the evolution of reception of the Slavic and non- Slavic peoples in the mentality of the Galician inhabitants in the 19th – 20th century. The article deals with the problems of the ethnic interrelation and stereotypes in the Austrian, Polish, Soviet and Post-Soviet Ukrainian Galicia as the specific East-European territory on the crossroads of the different cultures. The paper also examines the genesis of the ethnic stereotypes in this region in the cultural context of the Slavia Orthodoxa, Slavia Latina and Slavia Unita.

6

Blaski i cienie polityki Habsburgów wobec Galicji

88%

Broński K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2012

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nr 887

5-19

EN

Galicia was treated by the Austrian authorities as an internal colony, but the degree of colonial subordination varied. The balance of the first, roughly eighty-year period of Austrian rule in Galicia was negative. This region was not covered by the reforms of enlightened absolutism implemented in Austria, Czech and Hungary; it was relegated to the Danube basin countries, where it remained a peripheral province, condemned to economic and social stagnation and cut off from traditional markets. It suffered the colonial politics of Vienna and was ignored in investments. However, the connection with the Habsburg Empire made it possible, especially for Eastern Galicia, to adopt the first pro-Western orientation. The Autonomous Era (from 1867) brought about significant changes in Galicia and the political system was an important factor in economic and civil progress. The import of culture was a phenomenon that brought numerous western European approaches to issues in public utilities, insurance and management. However, the colonial relationship between the metropolis and the province can be seen, for example, in the arrangement of the rail network built in Galicia, or the Vienna government’s economic policy towards the region. The colonial relationship of Galicia and the Habsburg Monarchy, still in evidence today, was manifest in the military sphere.

7

Grammatiken des Deutschen f ¨ ur Galizische Mittelschulen

88%

Harbig A.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2012

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nr 12

49-67

EN

A purpose of the article is to present German grammar books used in Galicia secondary schools in the second half of the 19th century. Based on bibliographic and source materials it has been established that Janota’s grammar books were in use (1854, in a shortened version 1868, 1870, 1874 and 1875), Reben’s (1870, 1871,later issues together with Popper 1874, 1876, 1878 and German 1882),Molin (1882 and 1886) as well as Petelenz (1890, 1898). Except Janota’s work, all the others were published already after gaining autonomy in 1867, which was connected with a change of the Austrian educational policy towards Galicia. Since the mid 1880s, editorial and publishing activity of the grammar books’ authors decreased. New methods of German language teaching were introduced to schools (1892), which designated a secondary place to grammar. It results from the introductions to the above listed grammar books, numerous reviews and polemics that some authors (Janota, Molin) aimed at creating original handbooks that were comparative in nature and adapted to the needs of Polish learners. Nonetheless, a strong inﬂuence of German grammaticography is apparent in their works. Following the model of grammar books that were written for a native language user or their translation (Reben) distracted attention of Polish authors from methodological issues such as, e.g., material progress, a selection of grammar problems (all were treated as equally important) or forms of tasks consolidating learning material. The analyzed handbooks are typical of synthetic-deductive grammar teach- ing. They show concurrence in the material structure (phonetics, morphology, syntax and metrics) as well as the content selection generated by Austrian school curricula. With regard to methodology, it can be said based on an exemplary manner of the article description that the following scheme was applied: a deﬁnition – declination patterns – usage rules – tasks. Despite the common pattern, the grammar books diﬀer as far as a way of choosing and presenting the rules of the article use is concerned.

8

THE NO LONGER EXISTING FRANCISCAN CHURCH IN JASLO AND ITS DESIGNER MICHAL LUZECKI. A CONTRIBUTION TO HIS BIOGRAPHY (Nieistniejacy kosciol franciszkanow w Jasle i jego tworca Michal Luzecki. Przyczynek do biografii)

88%

Laskowski A.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2011

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tom 4

20-43

EN

The neo-Gothic Franciscan church in Jaslo was built between 1903 and 1904 to the design of Michal Luzecki, a Lviv architect, who also designed several neo-Gothic elements in the interior. It was the only sacred structure outside Lviv designed by the architect. Almost completely destroyed in WWII, it was a modest neo-Gothic church, consisting of a tower, a nave, and a chancel enclosed on three sides; there was no transept. Churches of this type were popular in Germany, and some examples are to be found in Poland as well. Studies suggest that Michal Luzecki was an architect of his times, straddling historicism and modernism. His knowledge and inventiveness allowed him to draw from a variety of neo-stylistic forms; his creative output includes designs inspired by the Middle Ages (the neo-Gothic church in Jaslo) and modern architecture (the neo-baroque Blessed Virgin Fountain in Lviv), as well as free interpretations of historical forms, in which a stylistic costume is used to serve a modern function (e.g. the water tower at the Eastern Trade Fair in Lviv). Luzecki was equally skilful in the use of various materials, such as stone, brick and wood (e.g. the celebrated Hunting Pavillion at the Fair). He did not shy from conservation tasks. Deep down, however, he was an artist on a constant quest for new means of expression, conscious of the impending artistic breakthrough; the designs and projects he undertook in the 20th century were already influenced by the spirit of art nouveau. Throughout his life, Luzecki enjoyed widespread esteem and authority, first as an employee and later as the director of the Urban Construction Office in Lviv, and a jury member in numerous architecture contests.

9

Haličské „velvyslanectví“ ve Vídni. Ministerstvo pro Halič v politickém životě habsburské monarchie (1871–1918)

88%

Szymczak D.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2011

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tom 97

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nr 3-4

233-257

EN

The Poles demanded a special status of autonomy for Galicia almost immediately after its inclusion into the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of 18-century. Among their various postulates, there was a policy of establishing the Chancellor for Galicia, a type of special minister who was to represent Galicia's affairs in Vienna. These postulates were partially realized at the end of 1860s and the early 1870s. In April 1871, Kazimierz Grocholski, the Speaker of the Polish Parliament Club in Vienna, was appointed the first Polish minister without portfolio to the Austrian government. He was unofficially called the minister for Galicia and was a guardian of the Galician and Polish interests in the central government. This is why the Ministry for Galicia was sometimes referred to as the Galician 'embassy' in Vienna. Except for a short period between November 1871 and April 1873, this institution remained a constant element of the Austro-Hungarian political system. The Ministry for Galicia existed until the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in November 1918. Thanks the subsequent Galician ministers, the Poles exerted a considerable influence on the political life and development of the State and could even have been regarded co-rulers in the dual Monarchy. Numerous other nationalities of the Habsburg Monarchy wanted to have a similar institution, but only the Poles gained a ministry for a country (Galicia) and not for a nation like, for example, the Germans or the Czechs.

10

GALICH, WAS IT A REAL (PART OF) RUS’?

75%

Voloshchuk M.

Konštantínove listy

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2021

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tom 14

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nr 2

37 - 50

EN

Historical Galician land during the 10th –14th centuries remained the permanent intersection of civilizational influences that determined the ethnic background of the region, political orientations of the elites and local identity. For a long time since the end of the 11th century the local thrones were occupied by various branches of the Rurikids (the Rostislavovids and the Romanids), the bearers (with an official Orthodox Church support) of the concepts of “Rus’” and the “Rusyns” in the politics and language. The presence of the Ruthenian princes in Galich (Halych) consolidated the perception of the region at the inter-dynasty level as a part of the “Ruthenian world”. However, the local definition of the inhabitants as the Galicians (it is known as a separate term terminus post quem 1138) and their homeland as Galicia (Galician land), which had been known since 1152, allowed to coexist, periodically to conflict and systematically to “fight” with “Ruthenian” definition in the ideological and often military-political spheres. Only before the final inclusion of Galicia to the possessions of the Romanids dynasty, “Russification” (“Ruthenization”) of this region (included to the uninstitutionalizated Kingdom of Rus’ – Regnum Russiae) began after 1253. Hence, the Ruthenian identifications became stronger than Galician, influencing the perception of the Galician past and historical research during the 19th – beginning of the 20th century.

11

Scholar, Zionist, And Man Of Letters: Reuven Fahn (1878-1939/1944) In The Caraite Community Of Halicz (Notes On The Development Of Jewish Ethnography, Epigraphy And Hebrew Literature)

75%

Kizilov M.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2012

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nr 4(244)

470-489

EN

Reuven Fahn (1878–1939/1944), was a self-made historian, ethnographer, epigraphist, poet, writer, journalist, and ardent Zionist of Galician origin. Already in his youth he could speak and write literary Hebrew, German, Yiddish, and apparently, Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian). At the age of 13 he was a Jewish nationalist and admirer of Erets Yisra’el. He published his first journalist report in Hebrew in the periodical “Ha-Magid” in 1893. At the age of 16 he published a poem entitled Beit Yisra’el. In 1897 he and moved to Halicz which was at that time a shtetl with significant Rabbanite and Karaite community. Fahn left an impressive literary heritage: ca. 14 separate monographs and brochures, and more than 200 articles and reports in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German. These publications included journalist reports, travel notes, poems, short stories, legends, feuilletons, and scholarly essays. The importance of Fahn’s scholarly publications on the Karaites is also strengthened by the fact that many of the sources used by Fahn (e.g. tombstone inscriptions, manuscripts, and architectural monuments) were later lost or destroyed. During Fahn’s lifetime his belletrist publications attracted much attention and criticism on the part of famous Jewish litterateurs such as Samuel Agnon, Joseph Brenner, or Gershom Bader. The aim of this paper is to analyse Reuven Fahn’s publications dedicated to the Karaite community of Halicz and to remind scholarly public about the importance of the contribution to the field of Jewish studies and Hebrew literature of Reuven Fahn – writer, scholar, Zionist and a victim of Nazi persecution. Readers can also find interesting information on the contacts between Fahn and important twentieth–century Jewish figures such as Samuel Agnon, Majer Bałaban, Sholem Asch, Samuel Poznański and others.

12

Przyczyny i okoliczności powstania Towarzystwa im. Piotra Skargi we Lwowie

75%

Kramarz H.

Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe

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2009

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tom 1

81-91

EN

Origins, establishment and structure of St. Piotr Skarga Association were investigated in this work. The subject of study was one of many Polish social and educational organizations, that existed before the First World War in the self-governing Galicia (1866-1918). Undoubtedly it can be treated as a reply of Polish catholic intelligentsia to the development of socialism and changes of European civilization in early twentieth century. Moreover, the long tradition of continuous efforts made by Polish society to preserve its language and culture in the time of partitions, seems to be crucial to understand the background of an idea of creating the new organization. The association described in this work was established in July 1908 in Lviv. Founders were inspired by local Sodality of Our Lady and the order of Jesuits, further the organization was structurally connected with Catholic Church. Articles of Association were also confirmed by the local authorities of the Habsburg Empire. The organization was named after St. Piotr Skarga: sixteenth-century Polish priest, famous Jesuit preacher and patron saint of upbringing according to the spirit of Catholicism and patriotism. The final mission of the Association consisted in aiming at rebirth of Polish state, mainly by developing education and consolidation of Polish national identity. However in practice priority was given to the advancement of Polish literary output: belles-lettres as well as popular science and various kinds of press. Activities of the Association assumed the shape of editing and advertising literature, create libraries and organizing lectures. Social response to the occurrence of a new organization in Galicia is also analyzed in the article, especially in terms of accusation of competing with similar Polish association: Society of People’s Education. Finally the short history of the Association of St. Piotr Skarga up to the Second World War is presented in the end of the work.

13

Kontinuita nebo změna? Haličští konzervativci vůči projevům demokratizace, emancipace a modernizace v Rakousku na přelomu 19. a 20. století

75%

Łazuga W. , Menz M.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2012

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tom 20

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nr 2

235-244

EN

By the end of the 19th century the Polish-Lithuanian state declined and disintegrated. As a result, Malopolska, the southern part of the former state, appeared under the Habsburg rule and this new territory of their empire was renamed Galicia. For eighty years after the disintegration of the Polish state Galicia was the worst annexed territory. The local nobility had to quickly adapt to the new political order and law. The diet of nobility was converted into a diet of estates, instead of free vote there were now petitions to the throne. Local ruling nobles were replaced by the rule of foreigners, mostly Czech and German officials. The Galician conservatives were divided (not only geographically) in two parts: the West Galician group and the East Galician group. The first were called “stańczycy“, the latter “podolaci”. Comparing the two groups we can say that the conservatives of Cracow were certainly more open to changes. On the other hand, the conservatism of “podolaci” was “blind” and “absolute”, their program being limited to the slogan: “What will be here must be what was here”. Due to thein traditionalist attitudes the Polish conservatives failed to understand and accept “the modern world”. Therefore, they would never again play the same role as they did in the history of autonomous Galicia. Their vacated positions were taken by “modern” mass political parties.

14

CULTURE AND EDUCATION IN LVIV DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION

75%

Krasiwski O.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2013

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nr 7

33-45

EN

This paper analyses the basic principles of German occupation policy in the Ukrainian lands, attitude of the occupying power to local people, investigates governing methods in occupied territories, the government policy on culture and education.

15

The Europe Trap

63%

Hann C.

Lud

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2012

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tom 96

31-491

EN

This paper takes a critical approach to the “anthropology of Europe” by warning against the treatment of this pseudo-continent as a culture area or Kulturraum. Drawing on the author’s own field research during and after socialism, primarily in South-East Poland but also in Hungary, the paper argues for the contingent, constructed nature of territory-based collective identities in general. Even the primary differentiating criteria of language and religion do not always permit the drawing of sharp lines. Polish ethnographers once had trouble in defining the exact boundaries of a territory they called Łemkowszczyzna and unwittingly found themselves drawn into politics in the process. Similarly, ethnographers of Europe today should be wary of politicians who reify an identity that does not yet exist as a focus of emotional belonging, and link it tendentiously to certain “norms and values” which are allegedly different from those of neighbors. The last section of the paper focuses on issues of historical memory. The revival of older nationalist narratives after the demise of socialism made it imperative to find supra-national antidotes. But as with European identity, invocations of a “European memory” must be approached critically by anthropologists who, by paying close attention to local circumstances, can show how events are refashioned into powerful narratives at multiple levels. These processes were more complex under socialism than is usually admitted, and contestation has become more overt since. In addition to ongoing processes of minority identification among the Lemkos, the paper notes how the freedoms of the new civil society in Przemyśl were exploited by veterans’ groups to foment opposition to the Ukrainian minority and frustrate its attempts to reassert an east Slav presence in that city. It is too soon as yet to speak of a harmonious European memory in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands.

16

GENEZA SLOVJANSKOJI DUŠI: RECENCIJA KYRYLO-MEFODJIVSKOJI SPADŠČYNY V GALYČYNI XIX – XX ST.

63%

Holyk R.

Slavica Slovaca

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2015

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tom 50

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nr 1

14 – 27

EN

The saints Cyril’s and Methodius heritage in the minds of the Galician’s became a conglomeration of different phenomena: writing, language, rite, etc. The Cyrillic as the Slavic writing system became a cultural marker in Galicia primarily of Ruthenian/Ukrainian and their faith (in the first time - Orthodoxy, and then - the Greek Catholicism). With regard to the Cyrillic have been three trends: the conservation, the modernization and the rejection of Cyrillic letters in favor of the Latin font. Another attribute of belonging to tradition of St. Cyril and Methodius in Galicia was Church Slavonic. During the of XIX – XX century attitude to it also has changed from sacralization of the Church Slavonic up to his gradual elimination from the liturgical life of the Galician Ruthenian/Ukrainian. Same time the Slavonic rite of the saint Cyril and Methodius in the minds of the Galician became associated primarily with the Eastern rite of local Greek Catholics and the Orthodox. After all, the same figure „Thessaloniki brothers“ became closely linked to the Christianization of Galicia as a „special“ region of Rus’/ Ukraina. At the same time the view of the problems associated with St. Cyril and Methodius tradition among Galician was formed not only empirical, but also by the reading of the text from different regions of the Europe: from Germany and France to the Russia. However, today all the elements of the Cyril and Methodius tradition for the residents of the region, (and for the Ukrainians in general) are a symbol of their unity with the rest of the Slavic world.