Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

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Godlewski P.

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tom 1

37-47

EN

An aarchaeological site at Grodowice was discovered in spring 2005 during surface surveys. The presence of skeletal graves destroyed by agricultural work prompted to begin rescue excavations in the summer of 2005. An area of 250 sq. m was explored, and 35 archaeological features were discovered. Three chronological horizons were discerned: Neolithic village (Funnel Beaker Culture), a single cinerary grave of the Pomeranian Culture and skeletal cemetery dated at 11th century AD. The silver “cross” denarii from Medieval graves are the most interesting findings. Due to the constant threat the site rescue diggings must be continued.

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Geneza kultury pucharów lejkowatych w kontekście przemian kulturowych w Europie Północnej w V tys. BC

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Czekaj-Zastawny A. , Kabaciński J. , Terberger T.

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tom 61

189-213

EN

During second half of 5th millennium cal. BC vast territories of the European Lowland witnessed the development of two genetically and economically different cultural circles. Farming groups of Danubian origin expanded in the southern and central part of the Lowland. In the same time southern Scandinavia and northern borders of the western and central European Plain were inhabited by Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherer-fisher communities, mainly by the Ertebřlle Culture belonging to circum-Baltic zone with pointed bottom pottery. At the end of 5th millennium cal. BC within all that area a new cultural elements appeared including characteristic pottery forms (with leading funnel beakers) and (slightly later) agriculture and megalithic funeral rite. These new features were the foundations of a Funnel Beaker Culture. A genesis of that new cultural phenomena is still a subject of hot discussions, lasting already for dozens of years. Disputes are mainly caused by the non-homogeneous nature of that culture and basic problems considered are reliable dating of the Funnel Beaker Culture beginnings, unclear location of its source territory as well as unexplained mechanisms of its spreading over large areas of Northern Europe. According to generally accepted taxonomy (e.g. Jażdżewski 1936; Bakker et al. 1969; Wiślański 1979, 175; Midgley 1992; Kozłowski 1999, 193-200), on the basis of stylistic differences in pottery vessels and variations in mortuary practices within the Funnel Beaker Culture a number of territorial groups are distinguished, namely Northern, Western, Eastern, Southern and South-eastern ones. The development of the Funnel Beaker Culture is related to 4th millennium BC unless its beginnings go back to second half of 5th millennium cal. BC. However the appearance of local groups was not a synchronous phenomenon. Eastern and Northern groups are considered as older in comparison to the others. There were a variety of ideas on the Funnel Beaker Culture and its genesis during almost 100 years of archeological research. Three main currents of hypotheses can be mentioned in this respect pointing for northern genesis; pronouncing basic role of local Mesolithic societies in the genesis of the Funnel Beaker Culture; underlying strong influence of farming Danubian groups and very limited of local Mesolithic ones. Last ten years of archaeological research at Dąbki site (Pomerania, southern Baltic coastal area) delivered new and diversified arguments that allow us to contribute to above discussions. These new data let us verify some ideas on the genesis of the Funnel Beaker Culture at the European Plain. Funnel Beaker artifacts from Dąbki belong to the earliest and in the same time carry clear stylistic features of the Northern Group. As such the site at Dąbki can be included to the Western Baltic cultural zone being in the moment the most eastern site of the Northern Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Moreover, discovery of the (imported) earliest pottery of the Eastern Group is an important point in the discussion on relations between these regional groups. The Dąbki site The site is located within the Middle Pomerania, ca. 30 km NE of Koszalin and ca. 3 km from the modern Baltic Sea shore. The settlement was placed on the island located in the middle of a deep lake which is today completely filled with biogenic and mineral deposits. It occupied the edges of a small bay at the NW shore of this island. Current results of research document the presence of two main development phases, both related to hunter-gatherer-fisher type of economy. The first, of the 5th millennium cal. BC, is connected with the late Mesolithic settlement, the second – from the turn of 5th and 4th millennium to the half of 4th millennium cal. BC is related to the appearance, local evolution and development of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Numerous imported goods, mainly pottery vessels, prove wide and relatively systematic relations with farming Danubian societies from the very beginning to the end of the settlement at Dąbki (Czekaj-Zastawny et al. 2011a; 2011b; 2011c). During excavations at Dąbki several hundred fragments of Late Mesolithic vessels were recorded so far. They belong exclusively to two forms of vessels: pointed bottom pots and lamps. Beside Mesolithic pottery, formally close to forms present in the Western Baltic zone, we can also observe at Dąbki a similar process of a fluent and gradual transition (evolution) of Late Mesolithic vessel forms to early beakers typical for Northern Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture. At Dąbki we deal with an exceptional case of the presence of several vessels combining features characteristic for Late Mesolithic on one side and early Funnel Beaker Culture on the other. That is why we call that vessels “transitional” ones. These transitional forms are typical Mesolithic lamps decorated with a very special and typical for early phase of FBC ornament composed of raw of stamps, the motif that is totally absent on the Mesolithic pottery. A technique of manufacturing of that transitional lamps is also very suggestive. Some are made in the way typical for Mesolithic tradition (see above). However in some cases the technique of production is typical for the early beakers of the Northern Group of FBC (Koch 1987; 1998; Andersen 2010; Glykou 2010). Early beakers at Dąbki have all the features of pottery production typical for the oldest phases of the Northern Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture (morphology, technology and ornamentation). There is a large assemblage of vessel fragments having striking parallels in the typology of the early beaker forms of the Northern Group of the FBC. One can find at Dąbki types “0” and “I” to “III” dated according to E. Koch (1998) to first half of the 4th millennium cal. BC. These forms are dated even earlier in Schleswig-Holstein (eg. sites Wangels, Neustadt, Rosenhof, Siggeneben-Süd, Stralsund) where transformation of the Ertebřlle Culture into FBC is placed around 4150-4100 cal. BC (Hartz, Lübke 2006). Origin of the Funnel Beaker Culture – a discussion During last two decades in Northern Germany and Denmark several new settlements with materials of the oldest phase of the Northern Group of FBC were discovered. Along with new excavations new data on chronology and genesis of the Funnel Beaker Culture were acquired. These are first of all series of radiocarbon dates made directly of the typologically the earliest funnel beakers found in most cases just above Mesolithic layers. The dates mark chronological frame of the oldest FBC phase (Wangels-phase; Hartz, Lübke 2006) between 4200 and 3900 cal. BC. Results of parallel research in Denmark suggest the same time span as in NW Germany. Beakers from all sites belong to typologically the earliest forms – according to the most popular typology of beakers proposed by E. Koch (1998) they all belong to type “0” and “I” to “III”. Two facts are undisputable in the light of above arguments: (a) clearly visible stylistic evolution of Late Mesolithic vessel forms into early FBC beakers and (b) confirmation of the chronology of the earliest phase of the FBC by a series of radiocarbon dates. Beginnings of the Eastern Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture, as well as one of the main concepts on the FBC genesis, are based on single radiocarbon dates from two Polish sites located in Kuyavia region, namely from Sarnowo and Łącko: 4420±50 cal. BC (5570±60 bp – GrN-5035; Bakker et al. 1969) and 4430±110 cal. BC (5570±110 bp – Gd-6019; Domańska, Kośko 1983) respectively. In both cases these dates evoke fundamental doubts due to poor quality and doubtful stratigraphic (and cultural) context of analyzed charcoal (Bakker et al. 1969; Domańska, Kośko 1983; Nowak 2009, 263-266; Rybicka 2011). That is also very symptomatic that for whole the Eastern Group of FBC only two such early dated exist and there is a lack of other radiocarbon (or other) dates older than ca. 4000 cal. BC. Important evidence that move slightly back the beginnings of the Eastern Group of FBC comes from last seasons of research at Dąbki. One of the features (No. 38) at the Late Mesolithic settlement delivered an intriguing assemblage composed of few hundreds Mesolithic flint artifacts, fragments of typical pointed bottom vessels and of two funnel beakers and a waste from amber discs production. Both funnel beakers are made in “Sarnowo” style. To one of the shards a fragment of charcoal adhered. It was radiocarbon-dated to 4090±80 cal. BC (Poz-49886: 5250±40 BP). Conclusions At the recent stage of research the appearance of a funnel beaker shaped vessel, identifying with the beginnings of FBC, is placed between 4200-4000 cal. BC and is recorded in the area of three FBC groups: Northern, Western and Eastern. However, only in the case of the Northern Group a clear transition from pointed bottom vessel to a beaker is visible (see for instance the Dąbki site). In the same time such forms are here the oldest in FBC and dated as early as ca. 4200 cal. BC what is confirmed by long series of 14C dates. The territory of Northern Group was than a source of new vessel stylistic that spread in short time on the European Lowland. In whole the range of FBC there is no reliable evidence for the appearance of farming before the beginning of 4th millennium cal. BC (Nowak 2009, 398; Hartz et al. 2007). Pollens of cereals and bones of domesticated animals confirmed by DNA studies (Schmölcke, Nikulina 2012; Feeser, Dörfler 2012), in quantity sufficient to prove the presence of agriculture, are present no earlier than 4000 cal. BC. The initial phase of the Funnel Beaker Culture was in fact a stylistic change and FBC as a completely formed Neolithic culture can be consider only after 4000 cal. BC.

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Wyniki badań ratowniczychosady kultury pucharów lejkowatych w Kownacicy, pow. garwoliński

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Sałacińska B. , Sałaciński S. , Chojnowska I.

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nr 69

79-119

EN

Site 1 at Kownacica, Sobolew Commune, Garwolin County, Mazovian Voivodship, is situated 2.5 km south of the village of Kownacica and the Promnik River, a right-bank tributary of the Vistula (Fig. 1). It is located in the Żelechów High Plain, a 1850-square-kilometer-large mesoregion in the South Podlasie Lowland – a part of the Central Polish Lowlands (J. Kondracki 1994, p. 143–144). Presently, it is an agricultural region, interspersed with small patches of woodland. The site was discovered in 1999 as a result of a fieldwalking survey in Sobolew Commune. Artefacts made of banded and Świeciechów flints as well as fragments of pottery and daub associated with the Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) and Early-Neolithic settlement were collected from the surface. The site was systematically destroyed by illegal sand mining, which was confirmed during inspections in 2005, 2006 and 2007 (Fig. 2). Rescue excavations were carried out between 11 September and 5 October 2007. They were supervised by Barbara Sałacińska and Izabela Chojnowska acting on behalf of the State Archaeological Museum and consulted by Sławomir Sałaciński. The main task was to determine the state of preservation of the site. The excavations encompassed various areas of the site, both destroyed by sand extraction as well as the ones undamaged by it but subjected to deep disc harrowing (Fig. 3). In the eastern part of the site, two designated areas were excavated: Trench I (10×20 m) in which 15 features were explored (Fig. 3–5), and Trench II (approx. 5×20 m) with seven explored features (Fig. 3, 7, 8). Between July 2005 and the beginning of August 2007, this part of the site was destroyed by an illegal sand mining operation for construction purposes, which created an extraction pit measuring 800 square meters on the surface and up to 2 m in depth (Fig. 2). During the archaeological research, it was referred to as a “contemporary dig”. A part of its profiles with a total length of 77.5 m was cleaned, and one feature was exposed (Fig. 6). Two designated excavation areas were explored in the western part of the site – Trench IIIA (4×5 m) and Trench IIIB (approx. 10×3×3× 7.6 m), in which two features were unearthed (Fig. 9, 10). This part of the site, overgrown with a pine and birch forest, was destroyed by numerous sand pits. In the course of the excavations, a new sand pit was recorded (sand pit I/2007). Parts of its walls with a total length of 23.8 m were cleaned, and one feature was uncovered. An inspection of the surface was carried out in the north-western part of the site. Recovered material is dated from the Late Mesolithic, through the Early Neolithic and to the Funnel Beaker Culture. In total, an area of 348.6 square meters was explored, and 101.3 linear meters of profiles were cleaned within the range of the present-day destruction. 26 features of various character were found, including a feature of the Trzciniec Culture (Fig. 11), 11 FBC features (including three postholes; Fig. 12–14, 16–19, 21–23), four features of undefined chronology (including two postholes; Fig. 15, 20), two contemporary features (including one fireplace), and eight natural features (archaeological material was found in a secondary deposit in four of them). 164 flint artefacts, 1111 pottery sherds, a stone artefact (grinder) and 240 pieces of daub, as well as a few small, burnt bone fragments were obtained. The majority of the archaeological material belongs to the FBC (1023 pieces of pottery, 60 flint artefacts). Several flint artefacts (10 specimens) can be attributed to the Late Mesolithic. Furthermore, 10 flint artefacts and 12 pottery fragments are associated with the Early Neolithic, with cultures of southern origin. Moreover, 63 sherds of the Trzciniec Culture, five pottery fragments of the Lusatian Culture and two modern sherds were acquired. Six sherds and 64 flint artefacts were not defined in terms of their chronology. The FBC pits from Kownacica were divided into several categories based on their shape: close to circular – feature 10 (Fig. 16), close to oval – feature 25 (Fig. 23), close to kidney-shaped – features 9, 17, 18 (Fig. 12, 21), and irregular – features 5, 11, 19 (Fig. 13, 17, 22). Almost all pits (nos. 5, 9–11, 17, 19, 25) had basin-shaped cross-sections – features 5, 9–11, 17, 19, 25 (Fig. 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23). Only the cross-section of pit 18 was irregular (Fig. 21). The FBC postholes were irregular in shape, while their cross-sections were bag-shaped – features 7 and 14 (Fig. 14, 19), and triangular or V-shaped – feature 13 (Fig. 18). Pits (5, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19, 25) and postholes (7 and 13) of the FBC were explored to their bases. They were usually from 15 to 35 cm deep. The only exceptions were feature 10 with a depth of up to 65 cm and feature 14 (a posthole) with a thickness of 55 cm. Based on the dimensions of their plans at the level of discovery, the FBC features from Kownacica can be divided into: small – up to 100 cm long (pits 5, 11, 19, 25 and postholes 7, 13, 14), medium – reaching 100–150 cm (feature 18) and large – above 150 cm (features 9, 10, 17). The feature of the Trzciniec Culture was irregular both in plan and in cross-section (Fig. 11). The fills of the FBC pits were homogeneous or poorly diversified and contained scarce flint and ceramic material. There were no stratigraphic systems noted between features. In the pits and various layers, medium-sized and small clumps of daub were discovered but there were no traces of construction. No daub debris, which could be a remnant of ground structures as discovered at some of the FBC settlements in the Polish Lowlands, was found. However, the presence of daub fragments suggests that clay was used for construction purposes to some extent and serves as a premise for a hypothesis about the existence of ground structures in the FBC settlement in Kownacica. 164 flint artefacts were separated based on their different chronology: Late Mesolithic (10 artefacts made of erratic flint, including one burnt; Fig. 24, 28:1–8, Table 1, 4), Early Neolithic cultures of southern origin (10 artefacts made of chocolate flint, including three burnt; Fig. 24, 28:9–15, Table 1, 2, 4), the FBC (39 artefacts made of banded flint, including four burnt, nine of Świeciechów flint, including one burnt, 12 of Volhynian flint; Fig. 24–27, 29, 30, 31:1–8, Table 1–4), and unspecified with regards to archaeological culture (47 specimens made of erratic flint, including two burnt, 10 of chocolate flint, including three burnt, 10 of banded flint, five of Świeciechów flint, and 12 of undefined burnt flint; Fig. 24, Table 2, 4). With 35 specimens (58.33%), banded flint dominates among the material associated with the Funnel Beaker Culture (60 pieces in total). Next is Volhynian flint with 12 (20%) specimens and Świeciechów flint with eight (13.33%). Several re-burnt artefacts were also isolated: four (6.67%) exemplars made of banded flint and one (1.67%) specimen made of Świeciechów flint (Fig. 25). A preference for a specific type of raw material is visible in the FBC flint assemblage: banded flint was used mainly for making axes and splintered pieces, Volhynian flint – blade tools and splintered pieces (Fig. 26, 27). Only 16 flint artefacts (and only three tools) were found inside the features. The major part of the accumulated flint material (148 pieces) was discovered in the layers outside of the archaeological features. 54 specimens were separated from the flint assemblage from Kownacica, among them: eight cores (Table 1, Fig. 28:1–5), 17 splintered pieces (Table 2, Fig. 29:3, 30:1.2), an axe (Table 3, Fig. 29:1), a part of an axe near the butt (Table 3, Fig. 29:2), three fragments of half-finished axes (Table 3, Fig. 30:3), and 24 blade and flake tools (Table 4), including three scrapers (Fig. 28:7.8, 31:8), three endscrapers on retouched blades (Fig. 28:9.10, 31:2), a truncated blade with a retouched blade (Fig. 31:6), four fragments of retouched blades (Fig. 31:3–5), two fragments of endscrapers (Fig. 31:1), a fragment of a borer (Fig. 31:7), a burin and a fragment of a burin (Fig. 28:11.12), a trapeze (Fig. 28:13), two blades and two fragments of partially retouched blades (Fig. 28:14.15, 30:4), three retouched flakes. Among 1,111 fragments of ceramics, 1,023 sherds of the FBC pottery were identified (Fig. 32, 33). 12 fragments are associated with older Neolithic settlement (Fig. 28:16), 63 sherds with the Trzciniec Culture, five sherds with the Lusatian Culture. Two fragments represent modern pottery, while six sherds have not been defined in terms of archaeological culture. Only 132 sherds of the FBC pottery were discovered inside the features. The FBC pottery is heavily fragmented (Fig. 32, 33). Not one whole vessel was found. A funnel beaker (Fig. 33:16), a beaker with a short, funnel-shaped, everted neck (Fig. 32:17), and a rim of a collared flask (Fig. 32: 3) were partially reconstructed. Amphorae (Fig. 33:4.12), pots (Fig. 33:2.5.6) and shallow bowls (Fig. 32:13, 33:14) were also identified. The pottery from Kownacica is characterized by a careful preparation of the clay body, the finish of the surface and its hardness. It is also well-fired. The exterior surfaces are light brown, brown, and dark grey, while the interior surfaces are brown and grey. The walls of the vessels were very carefully smoothed – matt or burnished. A deliberate coarsening of the external surface was noted on five sherds. The body was tempered with a mixture of fine-grained sand and chamotte, evenly distributed throughout the entire clay body. The pottery is well-fired, with one- or two-colour cross-sections. Vessels were decorated in three zones: mainly from the outside, under the rim, less often on the very rim and/or on the body. One- and two-element motifs in a horizontal arrangement placed below the edge of the rim constitute the prevailing decoration on the vessels. Imprinting is the dominant method employed for ornamentation.(Fig. 32:1. 2.4.16.18, 33:8.11). Appliqué decorations were used less often (Fig. 33:1. 2.5.6.16). Incisions (Fig. 32:5), furrow stitch (Fig. 32:8.9) and double cord impressions (Fig. 32:10) occur sporadically. One whole and four fragments of FBC spindle whorls were found in Kownacica. Only one of the fragments was recovered from an FBC feature (no. 17); one was discovered on the surface, and the others in the layers outside of the archaeological features. Two of them are convex and flat (Fig. 31:11), one – lenticular (Figure 31:9), one – conic (Fig. 31:10) in shape. One could not be classified because of its state of preservation. The clay whorls, similar to the FBC pottery, were made of a perfectly prepared clay body mixed with mineral temper composed of fine-grained sand and chamotte. They have carefully smoothed, light brown surfaces, sometimes slightly burnished. The cross-section are one or two-coloured. Pottery from Kownacica forms a homogeneous assemblage and shares characteristics with the material of the south-eastern group of the FBC. Based on the style of the ceramics, the settlement in Kownacica can be associated with the classical phase of the south-eastern FBC group (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1981, 1983, 2018), linked with the phases Bronocice II and IIIA dated to the period from 3650 BC to 3400/3300 BC (P. Włodarczak 2006, p. 33, 58). Analogies to the pottery from Kownacica can be found among the vessels originating from the loess settlements of the south-eastern FBC and dated to the phase Bronocice II, e.g., from Klementowice B, Puławy County (J. Kowalczyk 1957), Pliszczyn 9, Lublin County (T. J. Chmielewski, E. Mitrus 2015, p. 62–82), Złota Nad Wawrem, Sandomierz County (B. Matraszek 2001), Modlnica, Kraków County (A. Zastawny, P. Włodarczak, B. Grabowska 2011) Zawarża, Pińczów County (A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 2002b), Pawłosiów 52 (M. Rybicka, D. Król, J. Rogoziński 2014) and Skołoszów 31, both Jarosław County (J. Rogoziński 2014). Making the distinction between two patterns of settlement: loess and para-‘lowland’ was extremely important for acquiring knowledge of the FBC in Lesser Poland. A presentation of and a rich discussion on this matter can be found in the literature on the subject (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991, p. 95–98; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1999, p. 109–117; S. Kadrow 2009; 2010; M. Nowak 2009, p. 325–344). Some of the settlements located in the sandy areas of Lesser Poland represent a period contemporary with the older stage of the classical phase from the loess areas – linked with the phase Bronocice II. This is probably related to the economic activity of human groups from settlement centers from loess regions (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991, p. 96; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1999, p. 117). This economic model is represented by the analyzed FBC settlement in Kownacica, the settlement at Szumów 10, Puławy County (P. Zawiślak 2013) and probably at Białobrzegi 5, Łańcut County (S. Czopek, S. Kadrow 1988; K. Karski 2014). Rescue excavation in Kownacica confirmed the existence of a Neolithic FBC settlement at the site. Types, morphology and technology of clay vessels as well as artefacts made of southern and south-eastern siliceous rocks (banded, Świeciechów, Volhynian flints) indicate that the inhabitants of the settlement were in direct contact with the communities of the south-eastern FBC group, or that it was founded by visitors in possession of the products manufactured in the South.

4

Barrow cemeteries in the Neolithic of north-west Europe. The case of Western Mecklenburg (Germany)

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Behrens A. , Darvill T.

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tom 17

125-162

PL

Neolityczne grobowce w Europie Północno-Zachodniej występują w postaci pojedynczych nasypów i skupisk kurhanów. W pracy przedyskutowano ich podstawowe cechy z uwzględnieniem dostępu do głównej komory i jej lokalizacji wewnątrz nasypów. W zachodniej Meklemburgii zarejestrowano 238 grobowców megalitycznych, które sklasyfikowano pod względem liczby konstrukcji na stanowisku oraz porównano pod względem rozprzestrzenienia. Opisano przykłady oraz możliwe przyczyny pojawienia się cmentarzysk z wieloma konstrukcjami, rozważane na tle organizacji społecznej i relacji do elementów krajobrazu.

EN

Neolithic funerary monuments across north-west Europe are considered as cemeteries and here divided into two types: single-mound cemeteries, and multi-mound cemeteries. Their general characteristics are discussed in relation to models of access to the internal chambers, and the distribution of chambers within their cover-mounds. The 238 megalithic tombs recorded in Western Mecklenburg are classified according to whether they are single-mound cemeteries or components of multi-mound cemeteries, and the distributions compared. Examples and case studies are described, and possible understandings of the emergence of multi-mound cemeteries are considered in relation to social organization and connections with the landscape.