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1

HOW EUROPE WENT TO WAR IN 1914

100%

Kováč D.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 5

845 – 871

EN

The study is devoted to the question of the outbreak of war in August 1914. The author analyses the imperial aims of the individual great powers and their war aims. He takes a critical view of the attempts of some authors to transfer the blame for the war to all the participants. According to the author, having imperial aims and starting a war are two different things. The Central Powers played the key role in starting the war in the summer of 1914. Germany used various channels to put pressure on its ally Austria-Hungary to start the war quickly.

2

Latviešu mākslinieku gaitas karadienestā. 1914–1922

88%

Kāle S.

Makslas Vesture un Teorija

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2015

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tom 18

84-102

EN

Military service coincided with the artists’ youth as the most important period of life; it affected the development of personality as well as the choice of the place of residence and creative paths. Artists who studied in St. Petersburg had a chance to avoid military operations, working for the Trophy Commission whose full name was Commission of Description of Russian War Trophies and Ancient Flags. Their tasks were to collect and capture past and present testimonies of Russian Army’s heroic deeds, design flags and honorary badges, portray officers and soldiers awarded with St. George’s Cross as well as reconstruct decisive moments of military action. Many Latvians were included in the battalion of Kexholm Reserve Regiment attached to the Trophy Commission. Most prolific Latvian draughtsmen in the regiment were Dāvids Draule (1889–1949), Alberts Kronenbergs (1887–1958), Kārlis Miesnieks (1887–1977) and Jānis Saukums (1890–1936). Regardless of favourable conditions, artists had difficulties to continue their artistic education; they could not complete their study years and receive diplomas. Artists who ended up in the regiments of Latvian riflemen were in a less stable situation; although Jāzeps Grosvalds (1891–1920) tried to create an official team of artists, the only result was protection based on personal contacts and oral agreements. Thanks to the cooperation with the Latvian War Museum Director Kārlis Straubergs (1890–1962), Kārlis Johansons (1890–1929) together with other allies cast death masks of riflemen fallen during the Christmas Battles, went to the front line and drew heroes in their action stations as well as worked on illustrations for the publication 'Jaunā Latvija'. Reservist Eduards Gruziņš (1887–1934) made decorations for the regiment gathering and illustrated the magazine 'Strēlnieks'; Kārlis Baltgailis (1893–1979) had a similar experience in the Imanta Regiment, decorating the stage and auditorium and making actors’ costumes for performances. Artists who lacked special protection had to rely on the benevolence of fortune. Some were quite lucky, for example, Uga Skulme (1895–1963) who supervised road building works for the Russian Army supply in the Caucasus front or Indriķis Zeberiņš (1882–1969), secretary of the train company stationed in Finland. Thanks to good education, they managed to settle in expedient posts, which allowed practicing art alongside direct duties.

3

RUSKÝ KOMUNIZMUS A DUCH PRVEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNY

88%

Bohun M.

Annales Scientia Politica

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2014

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tom 3

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nr 2

5 – 11

EN

In this study, the author aims his attention to relatively intricate but frequently described era of the First World War and communist revolution in Russia. In regard to unclear character of available terms, the text provides reflection on hidden nature of the Russian communism and its more or less immediate causes. The author points to the connection between First World War as a modern war and Russian communism, its essence and characteristic features. The question of relation between Russian communism and modern war is examined through the prism of ideas of two famous Russian philosophers of “The Silver Age” who were immediate witnesses of war as well as of revolution: Fedor Stepun and Evgenij Trubeckoj.

4

GAZETTE OF THE LANDSTURM INFANTRY BATTALLION IN ZITTAU ('ZEITUNG DES LANSTURM-INFANTERIE- BATAILLONS ZITTAU'). UNKNOWN SOURCE OF THE HISTORY OF KAIISZ IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR ('Gazeta Batalionu Piechoty Landszturmu z Zytawy' (Polish title below)

88%

Walczak K.

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

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2008

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tom 11

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nr 1-2(21-22)

235-252

EN

(Polish title: 'Zeitung des Landsturm-Infanterie-Bataillons Zittau') : nieznane zrodlo do dziejow miasta Kalisza podczas I wojny swiatowej). The article discusses a front periodical published by one of the troop units of the German mass uprising in the occupied Kalisz in 1915. This periodical has been so far unknown to Polish bibliography and historiography. Its formal features, as well as its history and contents of individual issues are described, with a particular focus on how it portrayed the damaged city.

5

PÔSOBENIE NEMECKEJ 35. REZERVNEJ DIVÍZIE NA SLOVENSKU (APRÍL – MÁJ 1915)

75%

Konečný M.

Vojenská história

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2023

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tom 27

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nr 3

7 - 27

EN

The study deals with the activities of the Prussian 35th Reserve-Division on the territory of north-eastern Slovakia during April-May 1915, when the battles in the Carpathian Mountains were at their peak. The division was a part of the German Beskidenkorps, led by General Georg von der Marwitz. The Corps was dispatched to the Carpathian Mountains to help the Austro-Hungarian 3rd Army hold back the Russian offensive. The 35th Reserve Division took part in the Easter Battle in the Carpathian Mountains, where they managed to halt the Russian advance. The Division Regiments were deployed in the area of the villages of Čabiny and Valentovce. The heaviest fights during April 1915 were fought by the Division Regiments for the Height 419 north of Čabiny. At the turn of April and May 1915 the Division Regiments were on guard duty in the area of Čabiny and the Olšava River Valley. On 5-8 May 1915, they participated in the expulsion of the Russians from the Slovak territory, during which they liberated the villages of Krásny Brod, Ňagov and Čabalovce. The final battles of the First World War in Slovakia were spent by the Division Regiments fighting in the Magura Mountains.

6

BOJOVÁ ČINNOSŤ NEMECKEJ 4. PEŠEJ DIVÍZIE NA SLOVENSKU (APRÍL – MÁJ 1915)

75%

Konečný M.

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tom 26

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nr 2

57 - 75

EN

The study focuses on the combat activities of the German 4th Infantry Division in Slovakia, formed from the German Beskiden Corps, commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz. The Corps was formed of three German divisions: 4th Infantry Division, 25th Reserve Division, and 35th Reserve Division. Units of the 4th Infantry Division arrived in Slovakia in several train transports at the beginning of April 1915. The 4th Infantry Division was the left wing of the Beskiden Corps. Its units had their headquarters in the villages of Radvaň nad Laborcom and Oľka. The division successfully halted the Russian offensive on the 11-13 April 1915. In the second half of April, it remained in positions in the valley of Oľka and Laborec in the present-day district of Medzilaborce. On the 6-7 May 1915, the 4th Infantry Division took part in the liberation of the town of Medzilaborce from Russian troops.

7

ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF WRITINGS ON ZIONISM PUBLISHED IN PALESTINE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR

75%

Beška E.

Asian and African Studies

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2014

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tom 23

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nr 1

154 – 172

EN

In the short period between the Young Turk Revolution and the outbreak of the First World War two important translations into Arabic concerning Zionism were published in Palestine. The first of them appeared in 1911, when Najīb al-Khūrī NaSSār translated an article entitled “Zionism” from the Jewish Encyclopedia and published it firstly in the newspaper al-Karmal and later on that year in the form of a book. The second was carried out by cĪsā al-cĪsā in 1914, when he translated and published part of the book Our Program by Menachem Ussishkin in his newspaper FilasTīn. The goal of this paper is to analyse these translated documents and the comments written by the translators, and to put them into the historical context.

8

Pokusy císařského Německa o separátní mír s carským Ruskem na počátku „Velké války“ (1914-1915)

75%

Prokš P.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2012

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tom 20

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nr 1

61-95

EN

From the very beginning of the First World War, the military operations failed to meet the initial expectations of the German Army Supreme Command which had believed in an easy and – in particular - quick victory. Very soon, the war acquired the form of dragging position and trench battle. Therefore, some German politicians were considering the possibility of separate peace with one of the enemy powers, primarily with the Tsarist Russia, which was a conservative monarchy and it was hoped that in order to preserve its traditional system it would oppose the liberal-democratic and republican West. Berlin tried to establish a number of contacts by means of behind-the-scene diplomacy, trial talks in neutral states, use of relations between German and Russian aristocrats, activation of prewar contacts of financial and business circles, and by sending various emissaries. In these efforts, the Germans relied on strong Germanophile circles in Russia and on the Imperial Court camarilla that strongly influenced the Tsar’s decisions in important personal and political matters. Inside Germany, however, these attempts were opposed mainly by the Army Command representatives who were convinced that Germany’s future was closely linked with a victory in the war. Unlike that, similar efforts in Russia were opposed by the pro-Entente, nationalist and liberal groups. As a result, the separate peace question was also of great importance for the internal events in both hostile countries. The most important factor, however, was the development of military operations, where Russia was initially quite successful and was therefore little willing to negotiate peace. Contrary to that, it was Germany that achieved much success on the eastern front as of the summer of 1915 and wanted to make use of it and force Russia to sign a separate peace treaty. Thus, Berlin hoped to have a “free hand” to concentrate on the preparation of a large offensive in the West in 1916.

9

NACIONALISTICKÉ AKTIVITY OBYVATEĽOV SPIŠA PO VZNIKU ČESKOSLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY

63%

Furmanik M.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 1

-

EN

The study deals with the nationalist activities of the Spiš inhabitants after the establishment of Czechoslovakia. The end of the First World War and the destruction of Hungary directly stimulated nationalist activities of the Slovak population in all its regions, even in the Spiš region. The nature and dimension of these activities in Spiš region, was determined by its multi-ethnicity. Therefore, members of various nationalities - Slovak, German, Hungarian and Ruthenian were mobilized in Spiš. In the observed period, nationalist manifestations were mainly related to the operation of national councils of these nationalities. The Hungarian National Council, the German National Council of and East Slovak Council were supported by the Hungarian government, which at that time ruled over the territory. On the contrary, the Slovak National Council was on the defensive. After the occupation of Spiš by Czechoslovak army in December 1918, the situation turned. Pro-Hungarian oriented councils were either cancelled or got to the defensive and the Slovak National Council was encouraged by the Czechoslovak government. During the year 1919 there was a different manifestation for Czechoslovakia and against it, what will be addressed to this paper, too.

10

Rusko a „naše osvobození“. Význam válečného rusofilství a vztahu k carskému Rusku za Velké války a v meziválečném období

63%

Brummer A.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2012

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tom 98

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nr 5

465-536

EN

The study is devoted to relations with Russia and Russophilia as a traditional komponent of Czech nationalist thinking. It summarizes the development of Czech sympathy for the Great War at home, in exile propaganda and among Russian Czechs and later legions. The analysis of the interwar disputes primarily between Masaryk and Edvard Beneš on the one hand, and Kramář on the other hand, concerning relations with the Russian Empire, wartime Russophilia and the problem of their image in interwar Czechoslovakia, which refers to the issue of the political legitimacy of the struggle between the Castle and the right and the existence of two parallel discourses, that of the Castle and that of the right, based on different premises and promoting a different view of the meaning and purpose of the nation-state.