John McDowell argues that ethical behaviour cannot be grounded in an external set of normative rules. Instead, he proposes to ground ethical behaviour in being a virtuous person. A fully virtuous person is able to identify unambiguously any moral fact she is confronted with. McDowell’s strategy seems to be, prima facie, an attractive one as it escapes some of the most serious problems that beset normative ethics. The concept of a virtuous person runs, however, into its own difficulties. It does not seem to be easily compatible with what we know about human psychology, namely about normal perception and cognition. The aim of the paper is to expose the core of the incompatibility.
The article presents Martin Heidegger's early conception of foundational questions of logic and science. It focuses on their treatment in the Introduction to Phenomenological research (the lectures from 1923/1924, published as Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 17). Presenting the conception of phenomenon, perception, language/speech, noun and verb, proposition and deceit, the article shows the fundamental idea of facticity of speaking as the ground of these questions. It uses ideas of existence, fact and time to achieve the result. The impact on the most famous early book by Martin Heidegger is also considered.
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