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EN
Regulatory planning, protecting the spatial order, which developed in the period of urbanization and industrialization, has become insufficient for planning contemporary development of cities. Systems of land use planning in the Western Europe countries grew wider by adopting off-statute (unofficial) integrated planning, enabling actions aimed at qualitative development of the city. In the article, systems of the integrated planning of development and revitalisation of cities in Germany, France and Great Britain were reviewed as well as the EU actions for integrated planning were shown. The existing system of planning development and spatial management in Poland and the problems with the integrated planning and programming of the development and revitalisation of cities were characterised. Conclusions were expressed in relation with drawing up an integrated strategy of the development of cities and integrated operational programmes resulting from it. In the EU countries being analysed, integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are included in relevant legal articles as an element of a planning system. However, their contents and form are not specified by law. Issues related to development plans are established in accordance with the needs of a given area and a planning process is widely socialised which enables it to reach an agreement with respect to solving the most important problems in selected critical area and makes it easy to establish partnerships of different kind which is essential for the completion of planned actions. General objectives, written in legal articles, refer both to the general plans of spatial planning, and the integrated development plans and they concern sustainable development of a territorial unit. Integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are long-term action plans, generally of complex character. They often have a form of strategic plans. The completion of agreed actions is guaranteed by arrangements which are included in the land use plans. Cities/communes conduct a policy of socio-economic and spatial development as based on an integrated development concept, which is drawn up as a part of off-statue planning, but agreed upon with a local community and being in conformity with the purpose which is sustainable development. Development plans are to be made more detailed in operational programmes (which are a set of projects), related to problem (critical) areas. They are implemented due to an integrated action of organizational units of municipal/commune offices. They are connected both with national and Union programmes, supporting financially local development. An integrated approach to the planning of development of cities is recommended by the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities of 2007. Well-tried, in practice by the countries „old" EU, integrated plans and programmes of development should be used in the strategic management of cities in Poland. The function of an integrated plan of development and revitalisation of a city/commune can be performed in Poland by a development strategy document which is included both in a system of spatial planning (according to the Act on Planning and Spatial Planning) and in a system of socio-economic planning (according to the Act on Conducting the Development Policy). However, integration of both systems is essential which will consist in defining the role of both the objectives of individual plans and programmes and their mutual connection within and among the individual levels of planning and management. Also, the terminology used so far requires unification with respect to various planning documents. Existing legal documents should be adapted to the standards of the European policy of development of cities which was done by the „old" countries the EU. One should think whether integrated plans and development programmes should be documents to be drawn up compulsorily or optionally in Poland. An integrated development strategy of a city/commune should be a long-term, comprehensive plan of action of the local government, taking into account all aspects of the development of the city (social, economic, ecological, spatial-urban) in their interrelations. A process of planning, conducted by an interdisciplinary team of specialists (with the participation of architects - urban planners), should be widely socialised for the purpose of: - reaching an agreement with respect to solving major problems in selected areas; - establishing partnership between public and private entities; - identifying and using synergy effects of actions planned. An integrated strategy should be drawn up in advance with respect to the study of conditions and trends of spatial development (of a general spatial development plan /plan of a structure). Its arrangements should be taken into account in „the study" (a general/ structure plan) and entered into a local plan which, as a generally applicable legal document, will guarantee the completion of activities planned. Operational programmes, resulting from the integrated development strategy of a city/commune, will have a character of integrated programmes (among others, operational programmes required at present by the EC: local development, revitalisation of cities and development of public transport in urbanized areas). Their implementation will guarantee that the strategic goals set will be achieved.
EN
The aim of the paper was to present the economic situation of farms in the countries of the EU at two different moments in time, and to attempt to assess changes in their situations in the considered period. Analyses were carried out on the basis of FADN data. The object of the study was the economic situation, including production potential, production and economic results and financial indicators. Based on selected characteristics, cluster analysis was performed for 2004 and 2013 and the economic situations of created typological groups was presented. It was found that in both the given years agriculture in the EU countries can be divided into several types. In the studied decade, convergence in the economic situation of farms in the EU was observed. Most Czech, Estonian, and Latvian entities benefited from this process.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych krajów UE w dwóch różnych momentach czasowych oraz próba oceny zmian tej sytuacji w badanym okresie. Analizy przeprowadzono na podstawie danych FADN. Przedmiotem badań była sytuacja ekonomiczna, obejmująca potencjał wytwórczy, wyniki produkcyjne i ekonomiczne oraz wskaźniki fi nansowe. Na podstawie wybranych cech wykonano analizę skupień dla lat 2004 i 2013 oraz przedstawiono sytuację ekonomiczną utworzonych grup typologicznych. Stwierdzono, że w obu badanych latach w krajach UE można wyróżnić kilka typów rolnictwa. W badanym dziesięcioleciu zaobserwowano proces konwergencji w zakresie sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych w UE, a na procesie tym najbardziej skorzystały podmioty czeskie, a także estońskie i łotewskie.
EN
The analyses of the trends of the development of social rented housing in the western European countries indicated that the share of flats in that sector depends on the general housing situation and the level of economy in the country. Based on such analyses, surveys were conducted in Poland among university students. The research concerned, among others, housing aspirations on the part of young people. The research results indicated that young people associate their residential future with owned flats.
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify directions and dynamics of changes in the role of agriculture in the national economy of EU countries. The time frame of the analysis based on Eurostat data covers the years of 2000–2015. The study fits within the framework of comparative economics. As it results from the presented analyses, changes are found in the proportions between agriculture and the other sectors of the economy. An increase in the level of economic development is accompanied by a decrease in the share of the agricultural sector in the generation of GDP and the labour market. At the same time, primarily as a result in the reduction of the number of persons employed, an increase was recorded in workforce productivity in agriculture. This is evident especially in many of the countries accessing the European Union in 2004 and in the later period. Despite positive changes, agriculture in those countries is still playing a significant role in the links with economy, manifested particularly in its share in the employment rate and owned productive fixed assets.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie kierunków i dynamiki zmian roli rolnictwa w gospodarce narodowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Zakres czasowy analizy opartej na danych Eurostatu obejmuje lata 2000–2015. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych badań, następują zmiany w proporcjach między rolnictwem a pozostałymi sektorami gospodarki. Wzrostowi poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego towarzyszył spadek udziału sektora rolnego w tworzeniu PKB i zatrudnieniu ogółem. Jednocześnie, głównie na skutek redukcji liczby pracujących, następował wzrost wydajności pracy w rolnictwie. Jest to widoczne zwłaszcza w wielu państwach, które w 2004 roku i później wstąpiły do UE. Mimo pozytywnych zmian rolnictwo w tych krajach odgrywa wciąż istotną rolę w gospodarce, widoczną zwłaszcza w udziale w zatrudnieniu i posiadaniu produkcyjnego majątku trwałego.
EN
The role of the agriculture within the frame of the enlarged EU is analysed in this paper. There is a requirement to perceive the tendency towards the downgrading of the status of the agriculture in the national economy of the EU countries with the respect of the differences in the importance of the agriculture mainly in the countries that are the new EU members. The role of the agriculture is characterised by the following indices: share of the agriculture employees in the total employment, share of the added value of the agriculture in the GDP, and index of the value added per one agriculture worker. These indices are the base for the construction of the "index of economic importance of the agriculture" which are the countries ranged by. A multidimensional classification of the countries was realised by the cluster analysis that divided the countries into three clusters accordingly to their similarity with regards to the importance of their agriculture in their national economy.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano rolę rolnictwa w kontekście poszerzenia UE. Należy bowiem do­strzec wyraźnie obniżający się status rolnictwa w gospodarce narodowej krajów UE, w odróż­nieniu od znaczenia, jakie ma ono w krajach nowo przyjętych do Unii. Rolę rolnictwa określają następujące wskaźniki: udział zatrudnionych w rolnictwie w ogólnej liczbie zatrudnionych, udział wartości dodanej rolnictwa w PKB oraz indeks wartości dodanej na jednego robotnika rolnego. Te wskaźniki stanowią podstawę do skonstruowania „wskaźnika wartości ekonomicz­nej rolnictwa", według którego zostaną uszeregowane poszczególne kraje. Wielowymiarowa klasyfikacja krajów została dokonana za pomocą analizy grup, która dzieli kraje na trzy gru­py, zgodnie z podobieństwem w odniesieniu do znaczenia rolnictwa w ich gospodarce naro­dowej.
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