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Od soft power do smart power. Francusko-niemieckie wizje unijnej integracji militarnej i ich krytyka

100%

Zawadzka S.

Przegląd Zachodni

2019

nr 1(370)

7-25

The research problem presented in the article is an analysis of the proposals of France and Germany from 2015 to 2018 in the context of deepening military integration in Europe. The European Union, as an organization based on dialogue and international cooperation, has so far been defined in the political space through the prism of „soft” capabilities to influence the international environment. New threats and security challenges strengthened the conviction of the states’ and EU authorities about the need to deepen cooperation in the field of defense and to develop a new approach in the context of defining the tools of EU foreign policy. The aim of article is to explain to what extent French and German proposals contribute to the European Union becoming a smart power actor and in what direction the CSDP is developing. The hypothesis is based on the assumption that both France and Germany, forming the European „tandem”, as well as the European Commission, are taking measures to do away with the image of the Union as a soft power actor through a gradual communitarisation of the defense policy and the creation of a European Defense Union, equipped with autonomous armed forces. The consequence of these initiatives is to provide the EU with „hard” (military) capabilities to exert political influence, which are important in the implementation of the smart power concept. The main research method used in the article is the analysis of official documents of EU institutions and governmental institutions of France and Germany in the field of security and defense, as well as intergovernmental letters of intent, containing the assumptions of new cooperation initiatives. The comparative method was applied at the level of analyzing the approach of the German and French authorities to the issue of deepening military integration.

Europejska Autonomia Strategiczna i Europejska Suwerenność Strategiczna (2017-2022). Cz. II

72%

Żurawski vel Grajewski P.

Kwartalnik Bellona

2022

tom Nr 2

83--128

W artykule odniesiono się do najświeższych pomysłów integracyjnych w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa europejskiego - inicjatywy PESCO z 2017 roku, Europejskiej Autonomii Strategicznej promowanej przez Francję i Europejskiej Suwerenności Strategicznej wysuniętej przez Niemcy. Wskazano motywy działania obu państw oraz ich cele polityczne. Zawarto w nim także wnioski płynące z obu części tekstu, wyjaśniające dlaczego zbudowanie skutecznej europejskiej potęgi, zdolnej do prowadzenia mocarstwowej polityki zagranicznej, wspartej wiarygodną opcją odwołania się do użycia sił zbrojnych o wysokich zdolnościach bojowych, możliwych do spożytkowania w skali strategicznej, jest nieprawdopodobne.

The article refers to the most recent integration ideas in the field of European security - the PESCO initiatives in 2017, the European Strategic Autonomy promoted by France and the European Strategic Sovereignty - by Germany. The author discusses the motifs of both states as well as their political goals. He also presents the conclusions drawn on the basis of the arguments presented in both parts of the article, explaining why it is improbable to built an effective European power, which would be capable of conducting power-state foreign politics with a credible potential to refer to the use of the armed forces that are of high combat capability and possible to use on a strategic scale.