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Escalation/De–escalation Models of Ethnic Conflict

100%

Kostecki W.

tom 34

161-179

The starting point of theoretical discourse on social conflicts, including ethnic ones, usually concerns their inevitability. This is because they form a specific class of social conflicts and as such are inherent – and crucial – for all social relations. A lot of notable works on the subject include such observation. ‘Conflict, of course, is intrinsic to human society and is often an agent of reform, adaptation, and development. But conflict can also engender destructive violence’, writes Richard H. Solomon. Conflicts perform the role of both social destroyers and creators, says Johan Galtung, and stresses: ‘Conflict generates energy. The problem is how to channel that energy constructively.’

Conflict Resolution Strategy as Political Integration Resource: Theoretical Perspectives on Resolving Ethnic Conflicts in the North Caucasus

70%

Popov M.

2018

tom 1

99-118

This article explores the different approaches to study of conflict resolution strategyfrom a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives. It argues that conflict resolution strategy aspolitical integration resource is a necessary tool for overcoming deep-rooted ethnic conflictsin the instable region of North Caucasus. The author considers structural factors of protractedconflicts and emphasizes a destabilizing role of the re-politicization of ethnicity of a regionsociety in crisis. The concept of ethnic “identity-based” conflicts is the heuristic theoreticalmodel of exploring causes for increased ethno-confessional tensions in the North Caucasus.The article focuses on the ability of conflict resolution theory to de-escalate growing ethnoconfessionaltensions and transform protracted ethnic conflicts. Interdisciplinary approach toanalyzing conflict resolution strategy as political integration resource, while combining conflicttheory and neo-functionalistic paradigm, is the methodological basis of this research. The needto stimulate political integration is caused by moral and structural causes: from the ethical pointof view, the creation of an inclusive society is the fundamental societal goal; structural factorsare related to the need to reduce inequalities and differences leading to social fragmentationand escalation of ethnic conflicts. Among the socio-political conditions of the North Caucasianconflicts, the author calls social inequalities, civil identity crisis, authoritarian and ethnopolitical“renaissance”, economic polarization, “ideological combat” between the secular modernizationand fundamentalism. Discussing conflict resolution strategy as political integration resource,it is necessary to consider the following: 1) North Caucasian integration is a macro-politicalproject, the content of which is determined by issues of social security of multiethnic Russia;2) development of the North Caucasus after the end of armed ethnic conflicts shows theinadmissibility of structural demodernization, fundamentalism and cultural isolationism. Today,the North Caucasus remains a crucially geopolitical macro-region, as it forms the southernvolatile frontier of Russia. In this case, conflict resolution strategy must serve as preventive tool onthe conflict environment by way of providing structural solutions for deep-rooted socio-culturalproblems, transforming and rationalizing regional ethnic contradictions.

Politische Partizipation von ethnischen Akteuren im Vielvölkerstaat: Erfahrungen von Galizien und der Bukowina in der Donaumonarchie

51%

Monolatij I.

nr 1

94-114

The article examines the institutional processes in Austro-Hungary’s ethnopolitics on the rights and needs of ethnic actors, processes of internal and external institutionalization of Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Romanian and German political actors in Galicia and Bukovina. There is characterized the legal basis for the formalization of political participation of citizens, policy priorities of the state in terms of ethnic awakening. There is traced the genesis of ethnic political mobilization of the catalyst, there is defined the ratio of occupational structure and lines of social division in ethnic terms. There ale analysed platforms and strategies of political parties created along ethnic lines. There ale examined factors of electoral and protest participation, catalysts competition between ethnonational communities with different statuses, variability of protection of group interests, compromises and consensus of formal and informal ethnic actors.