Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Streiks in der DDR: Ursachen, Abläufe und Ausmaß

100%

Steiner A.

|

nr 1

97-114

EN

At the outset, this paper deals with the first nationwide strike in the Eastern Bloc, which took place in the GDR in June 1953, and its causes and consequences. Following this, it presents the particular problems and the possibilities for strikes during the initial post-war period and the period under the Soviet Occupation. As part of the socio-economic transformation of the Soviet occupied zone in Germany strikes were partially used in order to take action against private entrepreneurs. However, in the early 1950s strikes were called over bad working and living conditions or because the workers felt aggrieved. Hereafter, the fundamental issue of strikes within the conditions of a socialist system is: The communist party legitimized its rule as a “workers and peasants power” with the state property being seen as “people’s property” and hence workers could not go on strike against themselves. In the GDR, strikes never reached the extent of the ones in the weeks of June/July 1953. After this event until 1989, no larger scale demonstrations of workers for their rights or against the SED rule took place. Nevertheless, there were strikes; despite their differences, they showed certain characteristics and courses of action which are presented next. The numbers of people involved in strikes remained within manageable limits after 1953. Furthermore, strikes were initiated quickly and due to certain controversial subjects and therefore happened more spontaneously. Even after 1953 the subjects of the conflicts were mostly questions of wages and work norms, i.e. the income. These typical characteristics developed until the end of the 1950s and were preserved after. Nevertheless, the number of strikes changed considerably until the end of the GDR: at the beginning of the 1960s, they were still relatively high, but in the years of the economic reform declined sharply. Although numbers increased noticeably at the end of the 1960s, due to the economic crisis, strikes increasingly lost their importance throughout the 1970s and 1980s, with the numbers of participants decreasing drastically. The causes for this development are explained at the end of the paper.

2

Přes ambasády ke svobodě. Drama východoněmeckého exodu v roce 1989

100%

Doležal J.

|

nr 1-2

79-133

EN

The article seeks to chart out comprehensively mass attempts by citizens of the German Democratic Republic to defect o the West by way of the diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany in the capital cities of the Socialist countries, chiefly Prague, East Berlin, Budapest, and Warsaw. The author outlines the limited possibilities and the complicated circumstances of citizens who applied to emigrate from East to West Germany, and he discusses the important role of the attorney Wolfgang Vogel, Honecker’s official representative for humanitarian questions, in mediating this migration, and in solving crises that emerged during attempts to leave. As early as 1984, many East German refugees sought asylum in the diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany with the aim of compelling their authorities to let them leave the country. Five years later, the wave of refugees reached hitherto unimaginable dimensions, and was one of the factors that markedly contributed to the collapse of the Communist régime in the German Democratic Republic and ultimately to the end of the existence of East Germany as a state. The breaking point was the relaxation of border controls and the eventual opening up of the Hungarian-Austrian frontier between July and September 1989, by which the Hungarian reformist government reacted to the ever-growing number of East German refugees in the country. After that, the Honecker leadership limited its citizens’ travelling to Hungary, which, however, led to a massive pressure by thousands of refugees on the embassies of the Federal Republic of Germany in Warsaw and especially in Prague, where, in September, a humanitarian crisis erupted. The author provides a detailed reconstruction of the course of these events, including attempts by the parties involved to find a diplomatic solution. Under pressure from the Czechoslovak leadership, Erich Honecker, at the end of the month, gave in and reconciled himself to the departure of several thousand refugees from Prague via East German territory to the Federal Republic. is subsequent attempt to solve the increasingly urgent problem of closing the borders with Czechoslovakia as well, failed, however, and, by contrast, increased the East German citizens’ distaste for the régime. Honecker’s successor, Egon Krenz, was forced relax travel restrictions again between the two states. When, in early November 1989, he made it possible for citizens of the German Democratic Republic to travel to the West via Czechoslovakia with only their identity cards, the Berlin Wall became a non-functioning relic of the Cold War that was drawing to a close.

3

Sonja Hander, Schülerkindheit in Ost-Berlin. Sozialisation unter den Bedingungen der Diktatur (1945-1958), Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 1998, ss. 383

89%

Hellwig J.

|

nr 9/10

44-45

EN

Sonja Hander, Schülerkindheit in Ost-Berlin. Sozialisation unter den Bedingungen der Diktatur (1945-1958), Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 1998, ss. 383

4

Przemysłowe „miasta socjalistyczne” Niemiec Wschodnich w trzydziestoleciu transformacji systemowej (1989–2019)

63%

Dolata M.

|

nr 2

EN

The main aim of the article is to characterise development processes occurring in the so-called industrial socialist cities in the area of East Germany during three decades of post -socialist system transformation(1989–2019). This characteristics is based on analyses covering the most important centres that were created or developed during the period of intensive industrialisation of the German Democratic Republic until 1989 (Eisenhüttenstadt, Hoyerswerda, Schwedt on the Oder, Halle -Neustadt), and after the reunification of Germany in 1990 they followed the path of very complex transformation changes. The article focuses on changes in the economic structure of the cities in close relation to their effects in the demographic and structural -spatial aspect. In the analyses carried out for the aim of the study, were used source materials inthe form of databases published by German institutions of official statistics and public digital spatial data sets. These data were compiled by mathematical -statistical and cartometric methods. The article ends with conclusions indicating the intensive, long -term processes of shrinking and peripheralisation of studied industrial “socialist cities” from the GDR period.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka procesów rozwojowych zachodzących w tzw. przemysłowych miastach socjalistycznych na obszarze Niemiec Wschodnich w ciągu trzech dekad postsocjalistycznej transformacji systemowej (1989–2019). Charakterystyka ta opiera się na analizach obejmujących najważniejsze ośrodki, które powstały lub rozwinęły się w okresie intensywnej industrializacji Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej do 1989 roku (Eisenhüttenstadt, Hoyerswerda, Schwedt nad Odrą, Halle - Neustadt), a po zjednoczeniu Niemiec w 1990 roku weszły na drogę szczególnie złożonych przeobrażeń transformacyjnych. Artykuł koncentruje się na zmianach struktury gospodarczej badanych miast w ścisłymnawiązaniu do ich skutków, w aspekcie demograficznym i strukturalno -przestrzennym. W analizach przeprowadzonych na potrzeby opracowania wykorzystano materiały źródłowe w postaci baz danych publikowanych przez niemieckie instytucje statystyki oficjalnej oraz publiczne cyfrowe zbiory danych przestrzennych. Dane te opracowano metodami matematyczno -statystycznymi i kartometrycznymi. Wnioski wskazują na intensywne, długotrwałe procesy kurczenia się i peryferyzacji badanych przemysłowych „miast socjalistycznych” z okresu NRD.