Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Cold Water Ordeal (Swimming) in Witchcraft Accusations and Trials in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Century

100%

Wijaczka J.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2016

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tom 60

PL

One of the medieval trials by ordeal, the cold water ordeal, regained popularity in the Early Modern Period and served as an important element in witchcraft trials. Floating on water was seen as a decisive proof of guilt and resulted in the accused being handed over to the torturer. This paper discusses the use of the water ordeal in Poland in the sixteenth–eighteenth century, primarily by municipal courts. Among the issues mentioned in the paper there is also the question of the stage of the trial in which the water ordeal was used and whether the accused were undressed before being subjected to the ordeal.

2

Kontinuita farní správy jako problém náboženských dějin Čech a Moravy v předbělohorské době

100%

Hrdlička J. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2023

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tom 121

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nr 3

737-780

EN

One of the manifestations of multi-denominational coexistence in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margraviate of Moravia between the Hussite Revolution and the year 1620 was the competition of individual confessions (apart from the Unity of Brethren) for the existing network of parishes as the fundamental unit of church administration. The study seeks an answer to the question of how the landed gentry tried to guarantee that the parishes on their estates, over which they held the right of patronage, would belong to their faith in the future, as was currently the case. It is mainly concentrated on localities owned by the nobility, who were the owners of the right of presentation (a patron’s right to propose a suitable person for a benefice to the ecclesiastical superiors) to approximately three-quarters of all parish churches.

3

Císařský dvůr v polovině 17. století očima nejvyššího hofmistra arciknížete Leopolda Viléma. Deník Jana Adolfa ze Schwarzenberku z roku 1657

100%

Smíšek R.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2012

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tom 27

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nr 2

263-314

EN

The paper offers an interesting view of the everyday life on the imperial court in the mid-1750s and a scale of values of the Master of the Court of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm – Duke John Adolf of Schwarzenberg (1615-1683). It mingles two narrative lines. The first line mirrors the position of a high court officer in the hierarchically arranged society on the Viennese court and events that coincided with the death of Ferdinand III and accession of Leopold I to the throne. The other line captures the conduct of John Adolf of Schwarzenberg in the secret council – the emperor’s advisory organ for internal and foreign policy of the Danube monarchy – at the start of the deceased emperor’s son’s rule. The study includes a complete critical edition of the diary written by John Adolf of Schwarzenberg dated 28th March to 15th May 1657.

4

Knowing Without Digging? Non-invasive Research of the Krzczonów Earthwork and its Surroundings

100%

Wroniecki P. , Brejcha R. , Sikora J.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2017

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tom 12

177–198

EN

The topic of this paper is a non-invasive research case study of a protected monument mound in Krzczonów, Świętokrzyskie voivodeship in Lesser Poland. It explores the possibilities of noninvasive methodological approaches in the recognition of archaeological sources by asking whether it is possible to procure relevant information without conducting excavations. A new interpretation of the mound’s function and chronology is based on data derived from multimethod field surveys including remote sensing (satellite imagery, UAV, light aircraft, ALS), geophysical (magnetic gradiometry, earth resistance), total station measurements and analytical field walking prospection along with comparison of archival field-walking data. We would like to hypothesize that, contrary to the protected monument list, the Krzczonów earthwork is not a prehistoric feature but could be related to the end of 14th up to the beginning of the 16th century. In this case it could be understood as a remnant of a motte-type castle

5

Zentrale Forschungsthemen im Bereich Hof der Frühen Neuzeit, gesehen mit den Augen der mitteleuropäischen Historiographie

100%

Hrbek J.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2018

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tom 21

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nr 1

73-98

EN

The article discusses the basic approaches to the issue of the early modern court in the context of its long development from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. It presents the methodological approaches and questions that have been resolved by historians of the last few decades and opens up some serious historical problems for the future. These focus in two areas, which can be labelled as “structure” (the static dimension) and “process” (the dynamic dimension). Both levels cooperate with one another and form the overall view of the court as a polysemous phenomenon connecting culture, politics, economy and religion and its central point was the sovereign, or the ruling family.

6

„V žebravém obvodu nám od představených určeném“. Zdroje obživy a pastorační služba konventu františkánů v Dačicích v 17. a 18. století

86%

Hlaváčková J.

Studia theologica

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2021

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tom 1

111-134

EN

This study concerns the Franciscan convent in Dačice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The convent is presented as a community carrying out pastoral duties in the town as well as in its extended neighbourhood. The friars’ presence in their "circulus" outside of times when alms were collected remains nearly unconsidered. It is well documented, however, in the convent’s account books. The books suggest that the friars used to deal with the convent’s poor economic conditions by serving as chaplains in parishes and castles. These activities ensured a certain income for the convent, revived the original Medieval tradition at the same time, and also allowed the friars to significantly participate in the process of Counter‑Reformation.

7

Cuman integration and animal husbandry in 13th –16th century Greater Cumania, Hungary

86%

Lyublyanovics K.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2017

|

tom LII

8

Barrabáš/Barabáš/Barabbáš v českých překladech Nového zákona v 16.-18. století

86%

Dittmann R.

Národopisný věstník

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2022

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tom 63

|

nr 1

82-98

EN

This contribution describes the adaptation process of the anthroponym Barrabáš/ Barabáš/Barabbáš in Czech versions of printed New Testament text in the Early Modern Period. Following the development in foreign sources, the Czech form changed from Barrabáš and Barabáš, inherited from the Old Czech translation tradition, to Barabbáš. The latter is the form introduced into Czech tradition by the Náměšť New Testament of 1533, it prevailed in Brethren translations from 1601 onwards and in the exile, whereas the Baroque Catholic tradition in the St. Wenceslas Bible opted for Barabáš, a form exceptional in the late pre-1620 editions.

9

Vladislavský sál pražského hradu ve světle nových nálezů. Příspěvek k dějinám každodennosti pozdního středověku a raného novověku

86%

Blažková G. , Frolík J. , Matyášek J.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 2

27-50

EN

At the end of 2008 and beginning of 2009, resque archaeological excavation was conducted during the reconstruction of the floor in Vladislav Hall of Prague Castle. The research was limited in the major part of the Hall to the surface terrain with the exception of eight trenches in various parts of the Hall, but always at the external walls. It is substantial for the method of the research and its conclusions that all of the selected backfill was sifted and partially also floated. The items found characterize several areas of everyday life. The components of clothing are numerous (buttons, clasps, needles, leather bags and fragments of shoes, a ring, a pendant or part of an earring, pins and thimbles). The personal equipment includes a pocket sundial of wood. There were feasts on celebratory occasions in the hall, which is proved by tableware (a knife, wooden spoons, fragments of glass vessels). Another significant function of the Hall was also the operation of a marketplace. The testimony on business transactions are fragments of leather purses and scales (including a set of nested weights). The coin finds are also related at least partially with this activity. Most of the finds can be chronologically placed in the second half of the 16th century and earlier part of the 17th century. They clearly prove that the Hall fulfilled several functions at that time. It was always connected with social communication (public ceremonies, the sessions of the estates’ diet).

10

Economy and population of an Early Modern village: Milčice — home of the most famous Bohemian peasant F. J. Vavák

86%

Klír T. , Klírová D.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2017

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tom 9

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nr 1

106-151

EN

The aim of the study is to provide basic socio-economic and demographic characteristics of Milčice in the 18th century, and thus create the prerequisites both for an adequate interpretation of Vavák’s Memoirs and for the study of these aspects of the peasant past, which other sources do not explain in similar complexity.

11

Politické a náboženské aktualizace husitství v českých kronikách na rozhraní středověku a novověku

86%

Čornej P.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2017

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tom 20

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nr 1

159-180

EN

Political and religious updating of Hussitism in the Bohemian chronicles at the turn of Middle Ages and the Modern Period: The study compares the views of the Hussite period in the chronicler’s works written down in Latin by the direct actors in events (Vavřinec of Březová, senior of the Táborite church Nicholas of Pelhřimov) and in the Czech-language chronicles created and issued in the second quarter of the 16th century in print (the texts of Martin Kuthen, Bohuslav Bílejovský and Václav Hájek of Libočany). Besides the same moments in the works of the Utraquist authors (emphasis of the importance of Hussitism for the history of mankind in its journey for redemption, Czech messianism), it also notices the differences, especially the tendencies to the fictionalization of the events and fears of the disintegration of church unity (threatened by the appearance of Luther’s reformation and the radicalization of Bohemian Utraquism) on the pages of the printed texts.

12

Próba zimnej wody (pławienie) w oskarżeniach i procesach o czary w państwie polsko-litewskim w XVI–XVIII wieku

72%

Wijaczka J.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2016

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tom 60

EN

This paper focuses on recapitulating the current state of knowledge on the use of cold water ordeal in witchcraft trials in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Early Modern Period. The ordeal, despite being banned by the Catholic Church in 1215, was still in use, which is confirmed by the trials carried out in Lithuania at the turn of the 16th century. It can therefore be concluded that in the 16th century, the cold water ordeal in witchcraft trials started to be used in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth much earlier than in Western European countries. Nonetheless, there was no single policy defining at which stage of the trial the ordeal should be applied. In consequence, it was carried out either before the official start of the trial or during the proceedings. There were also many regional differences. While the cold water ordeal was used relatively often in Greater Poland and Royal Prussia, the case files known to today’s researchers seem to prove that the situation was rather different in Lesser Poland. While the belief spread by Bohdan Baranowski pointed to women being subjected to the ordeal while fully clothed, information found in source materials and old prints unequivocally shows that the accused were stripped naked before the ordeal.

PL

Jeden ze średniowiecznych sądów Bożych, próba zimnej wody, tzw. pławienie, przeżywała swój renesans w czasach wczesnonowożytnych, jako istotny element procesu o czary. Utrzymywanie się oskarżonej osoby na powierzchni wody było decydującą przesłanką oddania jej w ręce kata na okrutne tortury. Niniejszy artykuł omawia stosowanie próby wody w Polsce w XVI–XVIII w., przede wszystkim przez sądy miejskie. Omówione została także m.in. kwestie, w którym momencie procesu stosowano próbę wody oraz czy osoby oskarżone rozbierano do naga przed jej rozpoczęciem.One of the medieval trials by ordeal, the cold water ordeal, regained popularity in the Early Modern Period and served as an important element in witchcraft trials. Floating on water was seen as a decisive proof of guilt and resulted in the accused being handed over to the torturer. This paper discusses the use of the water ordeal in Poland in the 16th–18th century, primarily by municipal courts. Among the issues mentioned in the paper there is also the question of the stage of the trial in which the water ordeal was used and whether the accused were undressed before being subjected to the ordeal.

13

Historical European Martial Art a crossroad between academic research, martial heritage re-creation and martial sport practices

72%

Jaquet D. , Sørensen C. F. , Fabrice Cognot independent researcher fab.cognot@gmail.com

Acta Periodica Duellatorum

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2015

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tom 2015

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nr 1

5-35

EN

Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.

14

Na tropie spektakularnej omyłki. Nowe spojrzenie na toporek z „napisem” z Ostrowa Tumskiego w Poznaniu

72%

Kotowicz P. N. , mgr Piotr N. Kotowicz - Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

|

EN

During excavations conducted by Witold Hensel and Jan Żak in 1951 in the capitular garden on Ostrów Tumski in Poznań the researchers discovered a small (8,1 cm long) axehead (ryc. 1), whose surface bore a set of cuts forming an „inscription”. This discovery was named as an archaeological sensation. Despite the fact that it was found in a layer dated to the modern period, it was identified,based on some analogies, as belonging to the 10th–11th c. A group of palaeographers was asked to partake in the studies of the artifact to help reveal the mystery behind this „caption”. Even though their opinions varied, it was generaly accepted that – most probably – these marks were latin STLA letters, interpreted as an abbreviation of the word stella („arrow”). Based on all these findings an entire pyramid of further ideas concerning the artefact’s function and symbolic connotations was built. It was emphasized that this is one of the oldest examples of native epigraphy, that it proved the local population to be able to write (and read) as early as in the 11th c. Additionaly, the axe was expected to hold an unspecified role assiociated with magical rites, etc. Nowadays, owing to a much more extensive knowledge on artefacts of this type, a critical typological-chronological analysis of the given specimen leads to quite different conclusions. Analogies invoked by J. Żak (1956) either bear serious disparities in details or are much younger than he suggested. The described axehead is a typical representative of M. Głosek’s (1996) late medieval/modern type IX. This identification is further reinforced by the chronology of this find’s context – the layer in which it was found was dated to the years 1500–1700 based on a large quantity of modern (glazed) pottery, fragments of stove tiles, roof tiles, bricks and iron objects. The small size of Poznań’s axehead is also not suprising. Beside the massive specimens of late medieval and modern axes, miniature forms are known as well (ryc. 2). Their function is not clearly specified in the literature, although they are usually identified as carpentry and fine woodworking tools or children’s toys. To sum up the elaboration so far, it is clear that the artefact from Ostrów Tumski in Poznań represents a typical late medieval, or – taken the chronology of the find’s context – modern form. Both the shape and dimensions are typical for many axeheads from Central Europe at that time. There is no reason whatsoever to continue to claim that this specimen is of early medieval dating and that it bore some special symbolic meaning. The revaluation of its dating allows a different approach to the set of marks, „inscription” if someone wills, found on the blade’s surface. If this set of cuts indeed forms a caption, in the context of widespread practice of labeling such items by their manufacturers and knowing a great handful of heavily ornamented axeheads from the time, the presence of these „letters” is not especially striking. Another thing is whether the newly outlined chronological context allows their proper interpretation, if any. This problem, however, should be left for specialists in the field of palaeography.

15

Elementy uzbrojenia na kaflach renesansowych z założeń dworskich w Kozłowie

72%

Zdaniewicz R. , mgr Radosław Zdaniewicz - Muzeum w Gliwicach

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2013

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tom 29

EN

During archaeological excavations conducted on the site of the relics of manor houses in Kozłów, Silesia province, an impressive set of stove tiles has been discovered. Some of the tiles’ facings were decorated with representations that are interesting iconographic sources for the study of early medieval arms. The first tile was discovered in the remains of the manor from the late 15th and 16th c. Facing of this tile is decorated with a side profile of the rider’s head in a closed helmet with a crest. Visual presentation is not so detailed and not all the details of surface texture are sharp. The portrayed helmet is probably a tournament example called the frog face helm. Its bell is crowned with an extensive crest, which is an oval with short and long feathers modeled in different directions. At the back of the bell there are ribbon like mantlings visible. Due to the lack of large part of the tile it is difficult to determine whether the visible crested helm was a part of a heraldic motif or whether it was connected with representations of knightly culture such as tournament scenes for example. The first possibility seems more likely. The second tile was found in layers associated with the manor which functioned in the 16th century. The presentation on the facing of tile refers to a series of woodcuttings created by the German renaissance painter Georg Pencz, gathered under one title of Twelve Heroes of the Old Testament. These works were inspired by the text of the poem by Hans Sachs from 1531. The author was glorifying the heroic exploits of the twelve heroes from the Old Testament: Joshua, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Jonathan, David, Abia, Azah, Josaphat, Amazia, Hezekiah and Judas Maccabeus, portraying them as symbols of the defenders of Christianity. Facing of the tile from Kozłów is ornamented with the image of Juda’s king Amazia. Similar to a Pencz’s graphic, he has been presented in an armour with his head and torso slightly turned to the left. The whole scene was made with high attention to the details, which allows us to make some valuable observations on the components of the armour. The helm is a close helmet with bevor and gorget, depicted with a lifted visor. The torso is protected with a bulging breastplate with fauld attached below. The arm is covered with a massive overlapping breastplate pauldrons and bulging rerebrace. In the lower part, at the height of faulds, there is a visible fragment of a sword hilt, one and a half or two-handed, topped with an oval pommel. A similar suit of armour, often called Maximilian armour, was used in Europe since the 1630s. Armour of this type was popular at that time in Silesia as well, what is indicated by the numerous tombstone representations.

16

Kniha přírody jako otevřená epistemologická otázka raného novověku: K teologickým konceptům přírody v díle Johanna Arndta (1555–1621) a Samuela Fabricia (1577–1625)

72%

Kolářová L.

Studia theologica

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2017

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tom 3

3-23

EN

The article deals with the interpretation of nature in the writings of two early modern Lutheran theological thinkers, Johann Arndt and Samuel Fabricius, and this against the background of the significance of these theological concepts for an (empirical) understanding of nature, at the time an issue of ever increasing importance. The authors’ approach and reasoning are analysed in the context of the then status of nature, showing in what way and to what extent the theologians’ ideas related to the distinct trend of natural scientists to study nature not (primarily) as creation. The concluding synthesis argues for a principal difference between teleological and causal reasoning of that time, which requires a different type of cognition. This study, however, dismisses polarising thinking. What the article points out as positive is the heuristic function of these concepts on the way to scientific knowledge.

17

Wpływ czeskiego i morawskiego prawa o ziemi na treść Ordynacji Ziemskiej Księstwa Opolsko-Raciborskiego na przykładzie prawa rodzinnego

58%

Slavickova P.

Res Historica

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2019

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nr 48

EN

The aim of this contribution is to assess the extent of adoption of the Bohemian and Moravian land law in the crucial legal documents of 16th century Upper Silesia – the Land Ordinance of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, exemplified by the family law. The text is divided into three parts; the first part briefly summarised the process of codification in Bohemia and Moravia and in the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, the second part analyses the form of the land ordinances and the third part focuses on the content of concrete legal institutes of family law.Besides the above mentioned legal works, the comparison also takes into account the content of the Land Ordinance of the Duchy of Cieszyn and the crucial collection of municipal law, the Municipal Law Code of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The section related to guardianship of underage children, in particular, takes into account the possibility of the adoption from Roman law. Although many articles of the Land Ordinance of Opole and Racibórz contain similarities with the provisions of Bohemian and Moravian Land Ordinances, it would be a rash decision to talk about the adoption as only the principles are similar but not the formulations.Rather than the adoption of Bohemian (and Moravian) law in Silesia, the adoption of the provisions originating in the Roman law, which was a common practice in the given period in Central Europe, seems more probable. In fact, the only proven direct adoption from Bohemian and Moravian land law in the law of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz is the article Jak sirotci poručníky své kvitovati mají, taken from the Moravian Land Ordinance from 1535 and 1562, in which case the article is identical both in terms of the content and wording.

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę oceny zakresu zapożyczeń z czeskiego i morawskiego prawa o ziemi, obecnych w kluczowych dokumentach prawnych Górnego Śląska, uchwalonych w XVI w., mianowicie Ordynacji Ziemskiej Księstwa Opolsko-Raciborskiego, na przykładzie prawa rodzinnego. Artykuł składa się z trzech części. Pierwsza część opisuje proces kodyfikacji na terenie Moraw i Czech oraz w Księstwie Opolsko-Raciborskim. Druga część stanowi analizę formy ordynacji ziemskich. Trzecia część pracy kładzie nacisk na zawartość wybranych tekstów prawnych z zakresu prawa rodzinnego.Ponadto, porównanie obejmuje zawartość Ordynacji Ziemskiej Księstwa Cieszyńskiego oraz kluczowy dla sprawy zbiór aktów prawa miejskiego Królestwa Czeskiego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na artykuły związane ze sprawowaniem opieki nad małoletnimi. Część poświęcona wspomnianej problematyce bierze pod uwagę możliwość adaptacji ustaw z prawa rzymskiego. Chociaż wiele przepisów zawartych w treści Ordynacji Ziemskiej Księstwa Opolsko-Raciborskiego jest podobna do Ordynacji Ziemskiej w Czechach i na Morawach, stwierdzenie o przejęciu tychże praw może okazać się nazbyt śmiałe, jako że podobieństwo zauważalne jest jedynie w przypadku podstawowych zasad, nie zaś na poziomie sposobu formułowania tekstu.Bardziej prawdopodobną wydaje się być możliwość, że rozwiązania zawarte w Ordynacji wywodziły się z prawa rzymskiego, co stanowiło powszechną praktykę na terenie ówczesnej Europy Środkowej. W rzeczywistości, jedynym udowodnionym przykładem bezpośredniego przejęcia czeskiego i morawskiego prawa o ziemi obecnego w zarządzeniach Księstwa Opolsko-Raciborskiego jest akt prawny Jak sirotci poručníky své kvitovati mají, zaczerpnięty z Ordynacji Ziemskiej Moraw z okresu 1535–1562, który jest identyczny zarówno pod względem treści, jak i sposobu sformułowania.

18

Nizozemští, vlámští a valonští obchodníci v rudolfinské Praze

58%

Buňatová M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2023

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tom 121

|

nr 3

703-735

EN

The study is focused on the topic of immigration to pre-White Mountain (before 1620) Prague from the Netherlands, whose territory today lies in the states of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and partially (northern) France. Although the Dutch immigration in Prague was not numerically very extensive, it nevertheless represented a distinct socio-cultural and religiously specific group. Research up to now has focused primarily on the circle of artistic and intellectual elites of the Rudolphine court, where such important Flemish artists worked as, for example, the painter Bartholomaeus Spranger, the sculptor Adriaen de Vries, the engraver Aegidius Sadeler, or the music composer Philippe de Monte. Natives from Flanders, Wallonia, Brabant, and the Netherlands were also represented among courtiers, court officials, as well as among court craftsmen and merchants, and at the same time some settled as burghers in individual towns of Prague. The aim of the study is to describe, based on primary sources, the reasons and routes that brought specific natives from the Netherlands region to Prague and, on this basis, to characterise the more general causes and course of Dutch immigration. Considering that this was not a socio-economically homogeneous group, the focus is specifically on the group of traders, financiers, and artisans. The aim is therefore to characterise the motivations of Dutch immigrants for coming to the city, to describe their economic activity in Prague, and to try to evaluate their socio-economic and personal relationships established in the new milieu.

19

Zvíře v reprezentaci Habsburků počátkem novověku

58%

Bůžek V. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2023

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tom 121

|

nr 4

1047-1085

EN

The study sets out to present the changing roles of animals in Habsburg residences and courts in the long epoch from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century with partial time overlaps and in a wider comparative context of selected residences of other European rulers. At the same time, it strives for the inclusion of animals in the representative and propaganda activities of the Habsburgs. Last but not least, it attempts to draw attention to interpretation-bearing research topics, the desirable research of which in the Habsburg residences is inconceivable without a European comparative framework. The author has paid attention to the hunting of wild animals, which was carried out by the Habsburg rulers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. He has also dealt with methods of obtaining and training horses at the Habsburg residences. The exotic animals in the menageries of Maximilian II and Rudolph II as well as their symbolic importance in the propaganda of the Habsburgs and the dramaturgy of court festivities were not neglected in the study. At least partial attention was focused on the breeding of birds of prey, Galliformes (landfowl), and hunting dogs. Deeper understanding of the changing role of animals in Habsburg residences and courts requires comparative research of the sparsely preserved written and iconographic sources and an interdisciplinary approach anchored in the historical-anthropological concepts of one of the streams of contemporary animal studies, with the awareness that the historical actor will remain mankind, not the animal kingdom.