During the January Uprising of 1863, the system of revolutionary authorities was really unique since they operated as an underground state. It was a thriving organisation, and it also established a state audit body – the Office of Accounts of the National Government in Paris. The task of the Office was to audit all national funds, to examine the revenues and expenditures, and the basis on which they were executed, to approve and file the accounts, as well as to carry out the whole account of the revolutionary revenues and expenditures.
This article focuses on transport industry development as a leading economic indicator. We investigate the dynamics of growth in the Cass Freight Index: Expenditures and Shipments, capturing the US transport industry, and apply a system of logistic models of population growth and competition to transport industry indices. We show that the constructed structure identifies the signs of a US economic downturn/recession well in advance.
We evaluate the extent in which the building savings subsidies, a large spending program of the Czech government, achieves one of its stated goals, i.e., to promote savings of the Czech households. Using household-level survey of investment and saving behaviour, we identify households that are apparently unaffected in their level of savings by the building savings subsidies. At least 44% of the total spending on the subsidy is received by households whose savings are unaffected, and in fact 9.6% of the total spending on the subsidy effectively subsidizes borrowing instead of savings. We identify at most 19% of households whose level of savings may be increased because of the subsidy. We also evaluate the distributional impacts of the building savings subsidies. They are regressive overall, especially for the poorest quartile of the Czech households.
The development of consumption expenditures of pensioners is an important issue that has many serious economic and social consequences. The paper is focused on the research in pensioner´s households, particularly on the assessment of individual consumption development and changes in consumption pattern. The analysis of consumption expenditures is based on the data provided by Slovak Statistics Office Household Budget Survey for the period 2007 – 2012. During the reporting period there was a slight decrease in the proportion of expenditures for basic goods and services (food with beverages and housing, electricity and gas) in households of pensioners, even though the absolute value is growing. We come to the conclusion that the main changes in pensioner´s consumption are caused primary by the income and secondary by aging signs. The paper indicates also the differences in consumption structure between the group of pensioners and employees. Finally, reasons behind the actual individual spending of pensioners are presented.
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