Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Kryzys gospodarczy późnego średniowiecza czy kryzys historiografii?

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2008

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tom 68

173-192

EN

The presented text is a voice in a discussion on the economic crisis affecting Polish territory during the Late Middle Ages. The author proposed a polemic with the theses contained in the chapter entitled The East and the West. European economy in the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries, published in: Polish Lands and the West. Studies on the Growth of Mediaeval Europe, edited by S. Gawlas. The hypothesis formulated by M. Dygo about a crisis of grain farming, animal husbandry and some of the crafts is based on an analysis of fifteenth-century prices. The author maintains that the present-day state of research makes it impossible to accept the suggested thesis. A comparison of fifteenth-century prices from Cracow, issued in 1935 by J. Pelc, contains fragmentary data, and all conclusions drawn upon this basis give rise to serious methodological doubts. Furthermore, studies dealing with the Polish economy during the Late Middle Ages (in contrast to the early modern era) were never part of a popular current of research, and our knowledge remains slight. In addition, during the past decades economic historiography has been experiencing a profound crisis of its own and has not offered new monographs which would entitle building justified hypotheses about the state of the late mediaeval economy as a whole. This is the reason why all theses validating or toppling the conception of an economic crisis in Polish lands during the twilight of the Middle Ages remain mere theoretical constructions.

2

Recepcja poglądów ekonomicznych Zachodu w Polsce do przełomu XIII i XIV w. – stan badań

100%

Obara A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2009

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tom 69

13-29

EN

The article presents the findings made by Polish historians as regards the dissemination and acceptance of European mediaeval thought on Polish soil. The beginnings of studies by Polish scholars dealing with assorted problems connected with the economy go back to the second half of the nineteenth century, and Stanislaw Smolka is regarded as one of the first historians who drew attention to the significance of this issue. The interests of the Polish historians were concentrated chiefly on explaining certain mechanisms ruling the economy and on recording the functioning of its practical symptoms. Pertinent Polish literature either neglected or relegated to the margin the reception of West European views about the economy in Poland during the Middle Ages. Inquiries whether and to what degree did foreign ideas influence the economic transformations occurring during the Middle Ages in Poland pertained mainly to such phenomena as the rights of the monarch in relation to the property of the subjects, the right to establish and collect taxes, usury or monetary questions.

3

JAK INDIKOVAT ZVRATY HOSPODÁŘSKÉHO VÝVOJE

80%

Hindls R. , Hronová S.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2012

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tom 60

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nr 8

791 – 814

EN

The first decade of the new millennium has brought to the world economy and to national economies several shocks and substantially increased the risk of uncertainty. The causes of these shocks varied during that period and stemmed from the mortgage crisis, the crisis in the banking sector or the problematic parameters in fiscal economies of individual countries, especially those in Europe. These causes were often interrelated, and, respectively, they followed each other in relatively quick succession. The article shows how to use the probit analysis to indicate the possible twists and turns in the development of economy based on high probability of their occurrence. Along with the probit analysis method, Koyck linear dynamic model with time-lagged independent (explanatory) variable is also used, which allow for setting the advance of those indicators that can affect economic development and mark the regime change-points.

4

Ekonomika, zasnovana na znanniakh, ta ekonomika znan: adekvatnist vykorystannia katehorii

80%

Ivanova V. V.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2011

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tom 3 (53)

47-54

EN

The essence of the categories of «knowledge economy» and «knowledge-based economy» and the opportunity of their usage for characterizing of the economy of post-industrial society are considered.

5

SLOVENSKÉ DIVADLO V PROSTREDÍ SPOLOČNOSTI – OD 80. ROKOV 20. STOROČIA PO DNEŠOK

80%

Podmaková D.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 3

208 – 2017

EN

The paper provides a brief overview of the role of the theatre, its artistic and social functions during the indicated time period. It characterises the relationship between society and a theatre and against, and also the financial issues underlying this bond and the status of the theatre professionals. Through changed socio-political conditions after 1989, new opportunities have opened up to creative professionals who, at the same time, have lost their theme of a tacit revolt against the system and the metaphor as the major tool for naming “no-freedom“, shut-down state borders and for the non-existence of personal prospects. On the one hand, the open European space allows for exposure to new cultures, on the other hand, however, it is conducive to the unification of (self)-themes, of the role of an individual in the family and in society, to the grey mediocrity of quality, and to favouring form over content. Economic and, oftentimes, technocratic thinking would indirectly impact the value system of the theatre arts, its mission in the over-technologized world. The artistic functions of the theatre are bound to be defined and created by creative professionals (this holds provided that critique has a set of criteria applicable both within the theatre arts and vis-à-vis the society). The societal functions ought to be a component part of a knowledge-based society, with special concern for the cultural development of the society.

6

Wpływ nowoczesnych technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych na gospodarkę

80%

Broś U.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2012

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nr 888

135-148

EN

Today, information and communication technologies play a special role in the economy. Information is so important to its operation that scientists have called it the fourth factor of production, and the ICT industry has been hailed as an accelerator of economic development and technological progress. Moreover, this sector significantly increases international economic competitiveness and productivity. Information-communication solutions enable businesses to operate in a new dimension – the virtual one, while also facilitating expansion into new markets and the creation of new jobs. There is no doubt ICT is increasingly determining the level of advancement of some countries.

7

THE ECONOMY IN THE LIGHT OF PRAXIOLOGY (Gospodarowanie w swietle prakseologii)

80%

Truszkowska-Kurstak M.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2010

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nr 2 (46)

37-53

EN

The author of this article makes an attempt to point out that economy can be seen as an activity in praxiology. Moreover, the author explains the meaning of praxiology, economy and its connection with economics and then analyses some elements of an activity and presents their similarity to the economy. The main intention of the article is to show that achievements of praxiology can be a useful method of improvement in our daily economic life.

8

Costs and benefits of european integration - the Albanian case

80%

Shahini B. , Dollani P.

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne

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2011

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tom 12

200-208

EN

Integration is a word very frequently used and probably one of the most fashionable in the present everyday life of the Balkan people. Politicians, artists, intellectuals speak about political, economical, cultural, European Integration as well as spiritual integration. The word integration is widely used, as much as there have been efforts to define or understand it by the general public, besides the fact that integration is perceived as something “good in nature,” especially the integration with Western community. Hence, one of the issues, which everybody agrees on in Albania and in the region is that the accession into the European Union is still the main objective of the region prospect. European integration is perceived as a solution of the major problems during the process of the socio-economic development of the countries of the region. The authors think that the efforts of the people of the region toward economic and democratic progress should not be simply treated as tools used to be “self-integrated” in the EU, but they rather have to be perceived as positive processes undertaken by each country during transition. Keeping an economic perspective, this paper aims to discuss the qualitative benefits and costs for Albanian economy, in its integration way toward the EU.

9

Handel polsko-niemiecki w latach 1918–2006 (uwarunkowania i etapy rozwoju)

80%

Kowal S.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2008

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tom 68

151-172

EN

The economic relations between Poland and Germany from the end of the First World War to 1996, perceived mainly from the Polish viewpoint, were marked by three attempts at an intensification of trade. The first took place in the wake of the outbreak of a customs war in the middle of 1925. At the time, representatives of the German economic circles and the Polish economic spheres, supported by the Polish government, embarked upon efforts to sign a trade treaty. A conspicuous commercial boost occurred in the 1970s, when upon the basis of imported technologies and foreign credits the Polish authorities intended to modernise Polish industry, with prime attention concentrated on West Germany. The third period in trade intensification accompanied the advantageous privatisation conducted in Poland during the 1990s. This process was favoured by an inflow of German capital as part of direct foreign investments and by Poland’s access to the European Union.

10

Surplus Value in Education

80%

Stanczyk P.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 4(198)

187-201

EN

The author is trying to explain the homology of economy and language systems. This theoretical homology is based on the same mechanisms - the same forms of logic - logic of exchange and logic of equivalence. Both systems work side by side with dialectic of exchange and equivalence. The problem is that this homology is not only theoretical. Osmotic relation between language and economy is supported by education and that is why the theoretical problem transforms into the practical one. As we get to such far-reaching statement that a relation between economy, language and education is only descriptive one - the moment of critique starts when we realise that asymmetry of economy system is mediated by language. Thus language and its empty signifiers carry economical asymmetry which is reproduced by education.

11

Reasekuracja w gospodarce zamkniętej. Działalność towarzystwa reasekuracyjnego Warta w latach 1949–1956

80%

Jastrząb M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2008

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tom 68

93-123

EN

The article is based on documents concerning the Warta Insurance Company and the ministries supervising it. The author intended to discover the reasons why at a time when the Polish economy was closed the state authorities decided that enterprises dealing with reinsurance should continue to exist and maintain trade contacts with their Western counterparts, and to find out how the objectives of reinsurance activity were defined in an economy aiming at autarchy. Moreover, the purpose of the article is to describe the grounds decisive for the range of benefiting from reinsurance protection and the form of reinsurance contracts. Warta was part of a competitive international market and, at the same time, found itself under strict state control. Hence, the article also considers the limits of the company’s autonomy and its possible impact on the decisions made by the authorities. The necessity of realising tasks designated by the state comprised a risk factor. The author discusses the strategies applied by the firm for reducing this hazard.

12

THE IMPACT OF COAL MINING LIQUIDATION ON POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE SELECTED REGIONS OF RUSSIA AND UKRAINE

80%

Buszko A.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2009

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tom 4

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nr 2

159-172

EN

The goal of this paper is to present the changes of population structure in coal mining region. Such changes were born by the economic reforms. The study was based on the two typical coal mining regions in Russia and Ukraine. The correlation indicator was used in order to present the study results. The close attention was paid to the factors which reduce the migration. The most important changes were noted among workers in productivity age. They were the most willing to change the place of living and look for a job in other places and different sectors of the economy.

13

Dochody z młynów w gospodarce komunalnej Gdańska i Elbląga od drugiej połowy XV do XVIII w.

80%

Kubicki R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2010

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tom 70

175-201

EN

Reflections concerning the structure of revenues in the great towns of Royal Prussia from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century should take into account also the economic significance of the municipal mills. In this case, the breakthrough moment was the end of the rule of the Teutonic Order. At the time, Elbląg and Gdańsk received from King Kazimierz the Jagiellon numerous privileges, including land estates and control over all the mills located in the towns and on the land belonging to them, in return for financial and military support during the Thirteen Years’ War. The foundation of the profits obtained from the mills was the milling obligation and the right enjoyed by the owner to gain a compulsory tribute (Metze) amounting to 1/16 of a korzec (Scheffel). Moreover, additional payments were received in the case of milling with the assistance of apprentices working in a given mill. In such instances grinding two korzec of grain and rough-grinding six korzec of malt costs 1 fenig. During the later period the payment changed. Initially, bookkeeping was modelled on the experiences of the Teutonic Knights who administered the mills in Gdańsk and Elbląg to 1454. Departure from simple entry bookkeeping for the sake of double entry (Italian) bookkeeping probably took place already in the sixteenth centaury. In Elbląg, the mills were managed by a special mill office (Mühlamt) established for this purpose, while in Gdańsk this office was entrusted to a mill master (Mühlenmeister). Alongside independent administration the municipal authorities often decided to lease the mills, especially industrial mills and sawmills. In the case of Gdańsk a special role was played by the Great Mill, which held an important position in the ordinary profits (an average of about 20%). Just as in Elbląg, revenues from the town mills comprised a prominent element of the budget and during the best years totalled more than 10%. Signifi cantly, these enterprises were always profitable and generated revenues regularly transferred to the inner Kämmerei in Elbląg and the Kämmerei in Gdańsk. In this manner, the towns were not only ensured control over an important element of urban social and economic policy, namely, grain milling, but also achieved significant incomes. A particularly relevant feature was the fact that this procedure was accompanied by a high profit index of the whole undertaking, since expenses connected with the maintenance of the mills guaranteed considerable gains.

14

Czy Śląsk stanowił region ekonomiczny w XII-XV w.? Czynniki spajające i dezintegrujące terytorium regionalne pod względem gospodarczym

80%

Myśliwski G.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

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tom 67

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nr 4

79–102

EN

This article constitutes an attempt at answering the question whether Silesia, aside from being a distinct historical region was also a distinct economic region. The author starts with Robert E. Dickinson’s theory of economic regions, the basic assumptions of which are shared by contemporary researchers of regional economies. Economic resources, similar economic policies of Silesian rulers in the 13th and 14th centuries, high, in comparison to neighbouring regions, level of urbanisation and the centralising capacity of Wrocław are considered to be the binding forces of the Silesian economic region. Factors retarding the economic cohesion of Silesia were analysed as well. Those were as follows: natural disasters, invasions, internal strife, criminal activity on trade routes, as well as a crisis within the mining industry since the middle of the 14th century. Since the final years of the 13th century Silesia became an economic region containing Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia and Opava. This was not, however a pure cohesion, seeing as Lower Silesia was economically superior to the other regions, while they had strong ties to Lesser Poland. Despite that the crisis events that took place from about 1350 until 1450 did not cause cessation of economic bonds between these three constituents of Silesia. In comparison to every bordering, historical and economic region, the region of Silesia was distinct due to advanced gold mining industry, export of red dyeing agent (marzanna) as well as the highest number of cities with population of 3,000 to 14,000. Further distinct properties of Silesian economy are noticeable in comparison with other distinct historical regions.

15

Hodowla i handel końmi w Polsce XVI w.

80%

Bołdyrew A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2009

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tom 69

31-90

EN

Horses and their breeding were part of the Polish gentry tradition. In time, they became included into national customs, hence the term eques Polonus. In sixteenth-century Poland use was made of many types of horses of assorted provenance, mainly in transport and wartime. Due to its distinctly cavalry nature the Polish army relied on a great number of horses. Renaissance-era transformations in the Polish economy of the early modern era inclined the gentry towards increased interest not only in the horse trade but also in breeding. Textbooks translated from foreign languages came to the aid of the Polish noblemen; several works were also written at home. The rulers always enjoyed the greatest possibilities, and thus achievements, in horse breeding. The largest stud farms were situated along the eastern borders of the Polish state, where breeding was facilitated by geographical conditions. Furthermore, the most important routes along which horses were driven for the purposes of trade ran across Ruthenia and Little Poland. The significance of this branch of the economy was testified by the fact that sometimes the ruler forbade horse trade with a neighbouring state, which resulted in the closure of the frontiers. Horses used in the army were subjected to a careful selection followed by appropriate training. Local literature could boast certain achievements in the field of specialist textbooks, to mention the works of K. Dorohostajski or K. Pieniążek, who concentrated mainly on descriptions of the stables, breeding and training. The prices of horses in sixteenth-century Poland oscillated from 10–40 florins, although in certain cases a single horse was considered worth more than a thousand florins.

16

Integracja a gospodarka. Śląsk w okresie wczesnonowożytnym

80%

Goliński M.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 2

25–41

EN

Despite having distinct features due to economy, Silesia was no different, in context of events shaping conditions of development, from the neighbouring regions, especially the Bohemian Crown from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The particular interests of the Silesian economy since the 17th century were required, possibly enabled by the political distinctiveness of the region and the complex structure of the monarchy. Also relevant were strong external relations (transit, export and import) long maintained despite divisions, both political and at customs. Said „interests” could themselves be considered an additional factor integrating the region, (certainly, that became so in time) if not for their existence stemming from earlier political integration and specifically being an unexpected (since mercantile times intentional) result of the “external” factor, specifically state politics. Although lacking the influence it enjoyed in earlier times, Wrocław remained the primary beneficiary, as its economic interests were typically considered synonymous with interests of entire Silesia.

17

POTŘEBUJEME KOREKTNÍ MANAŽERY ANEBO OSOBNOSTI?

80%

Vencálek J.

Annales Scientia Politica

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2016

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tom 5

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nr 2

58 – 63

EN

Complexity of development of relations which originate on the European continent makes the need for a comprehensive approach to the organization and administration of the territory. The existing preference of loyal managers with their economic and operational focus to assessing reality comes into conflict with the need to analyse the complementary relations conditioning the potential of the area. The need for highly knowledgeable personalities with moral credit is particularly evident in the creation of fractal relationships between functionally and semantically established local, regional and global structures.

18

Podviynyy kharakter vertykal'noyi intehratsiyi suspil'noho vyrobnytstva

80%

Grygor’yeva S. V.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2012

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tom 2 (56)

203-207

EN

The article examines the dialectic process of vertical integration based on the analysis of its dual nature, based on the methodology of separation of legal and economic aspects of ownership.

19

Ekonomia polityczna członkostwa Litwy w Unii Europejskiej: oczekiwania i doświadczenia pięciu lat

80%

Vilpisauskas R.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2011

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nr 2(16)

53-78

EN

The article discusses the impact of European Union membership on the economy, poli tics and policies of the new member states, in particular Lithuania. It first presents the forecasts and arguments regarding the impact of EU enlargement that were discussed before the enlargement in 2004 -2007. It draws on the work of European inte gration literature, stating that it was the approaching EU enlargement into the Central and Eastern Europe which caused the wave on theorizing the issue of enlargement which has been absent before. The main issue was to explain the reasons behind the EU decision to expand, as well as the conditions for the effective application of EU norms into the acceding countries. Most economic researchers predicted that the enlargement will contribute to the economic growth of acceding countries (although the transfer of regulatory norms in some cases could be considered to be suboptimal), and the EU as a whole. There was more uncertainty regarding the impact of the enlargement on the functioning of the EU and the compliance of the new members with the EU norms.

20

Orhanizatsiyno-ekonomichni osnovy staloho rozvytku zaliznychnoho transportu Ukrayiny

80%

Rybina O. I.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2013

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tom 3 (61)

164-171

EN

Efficient development of the railway transport, which is the basis of country transport system, is a prerequisite for sustainable functioning of all sectors of the economy, for ensuring Ukraine’s status as a major transit country, contributing to its social and economic development, economic security and defense capacity. An integrated approach to the development of the transport system of Ukraine clearly indicates the priority of the railway from the standpoint of sustainable development. Currently, the domestic transport sector, including railway transport is not always ready for new challenges of the environment, that periodically destabilize the situation in the transport services market. That is why there is a need to establish a mechanism for economic and organizational relations that would provide adequate, timely and flexible response to changes in the environment, railway industry companies’ adaptation to them. The article describes the organizational and economic basics for sustainable development, defines its components and reveals their identity.