Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Reflections on the Emigration Aspirations of Young, Educated People in Small Balkan Countries: A Qualitative Analysis of Reasons to Leave or Stay in North Macedonia

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Parker K. A. , Hester E. B. , Geegan S. A. , Ciunova-Shuleska A. , Ivanov B.

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nr nr 1

69-84

EN

For small, low-to-middle-income countries such as North Macedonia, the prospect of young, educated people leaving their place of residence (i.e. emigrating) can have significant negative societal-level effects. Understanding the complexity of the brain-drain phenomenon and its antecedents is critical to developing multi-level (i.e. global, societal and individual) strategic solutions. A qualitative analysis of several focus- group interviews was used to understand young, educated residents' reasons either for emigrating or for remaining in North Macedonia. Two overarching themes served to organise the participant-identified driv- ers for emigration and those opposed to it. Three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for emigration: 1) a lack of professional opportunities, 2) institutional systems, and 3) cultural tightness. Likewise, three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for staying: 1) community, 2) culture and 3) social responsibility. Insights serve to contextualise some of the experiences of young, educated people in small, low-to-middle-income, countries which impact on their emigration decisions(original abstract)

2

Offshoring usług badawczych a innowacyjność gospodarki

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Szukalski S. M.

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nr nr 47 Kreatywność - innowacje - przedsiębiorczość

101-114

XX

Budowa przez korporacje transnarodowe (KTN) centrów badawczych w krajach słabiej rozwiniętych z jednej strony tworzy globalne sieci badawcze tych organizacji, z drugiej zaś, otwiera możliwości dla transferu technologii do mniej rozwiniętych gospodarek. Tworzone są nowe miejsca pracy dla wysoko kwalifikowanych naukowców i inżynierów, co ogranicza drenaż mózgów (naukowcy mają szansę pracować dla filii badawczej w kraju). Proces ten stwarza także okazję dla firm i instytucji w krajach mniej zaawansowanych technologicznie do nabywania doświadczeń i umiejętności w dziedzinie badań. Warunkiem procesu delokalizacji potencjału badawczego jest podaż kwalifikowanych zasobów pracy, możliwych do pozyskania po relatywnie niższych kosztach w porównaniu do kraju macierzystego. (fragment tekstu)

EN

The article discusses the problem of organization of research carried out by transnational corporations in global economy, the main directions of delocalisation of research services, the characteristics of the centres of research services located in Poland and their influence on innovativeness of Polish economy. In the article the following hypothesis is verified: location of research services in Poland will contribute in the long run to the growth of innovativeness and competitiveness of economy on the condition that: a/ the value of investment is growing, b/ the share of research on frontier innovation is growing; c/ strong research structures combining the business and science spheres will emerge; d/ these processes will contribute to a significant growth of exports of research services. (author's abstract)

3

The Contribution of Polish Technical Thought to the Quality of Life in Developed Countries

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Wachowska M.

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nr tom 23, nr 4

139-149

EN

Due to the fact that technological progress is an important factor influencing the quality of life, the purpose of the paper is to determine what is the contribution - measured by the number of inventions - of mobile Poles to increasing the quality of life of their host countries. The paper considers two fundamental questions: (1) how many inventions, including area of technology, Poles generate for the benefit of countries which they emigrate to and (2) what part of the inventive output of the host countries, including the area of technology, are inventions created by immigrants from Poland. The paper uses the method of quantitative and qualitative analysis of patent applications made in the years 2004-2012 within the frames of international procedure by residents from developed economies of Europe, the United States and Japan (a total of 9 countries), which has made it possible to: (1) separate those applications in the case of which the creator of the technical solution is an immigrant from Poland and (2) determine the number of inventions created abroad by Poles for the benefit of their countries of destination. The study involves individuals exceptionally endowed with high human capital who have especially contributed to technological changes occurring in the world, i.e. creators of inventions filed for patent protection within the frames of international procedure - The Patent Cooperation Treaty - who at the time of making the applications lived in the developed countries covered by the study and came from Poland. The analysis of over 1700 PCT patent applications has made it possible to say that in the years 2004-2012: (1) Poles to the largest extent contributed to increasing the quality of life of Americans, for whom they created a total of 828 inventions, then Germans and Britons, whose inventive output they increased by 425 and 143 inventions, respectively, while their contribution to the improvement of the quality of life of the Japanese, Swedes or Finns was very small; (2) Poles to the largest extent contributed to increasing the quality of life of the inhabitants of developed countries by generating inventions in the following areas of technology: (a) chemistry; metallurgy and b) human necessities. Starting from 2009, the creative activity of immigrants from Poland is less and less related to the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants of their economies of destination. (original abstract)