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Coexistence of algae and a graptolite-like problematicum: a case study from the late Silurian of Podolia (Ukraine)

100%

Skompski S. , Kozłowski W. , Łuczyński P. , Kozłowska A.

2023

tom Vol. 73, no. 2

115--133

This contribution presents the record of an abundant assemblage of well-preserved, thallophytic noncalcified algae and of an epibiotic form that has been recognised as a putative graptolite from the upper Silurian (Ludlow, Gorstian–Ludfordian) of Podolia (western part of Ukraine). The sediments represent a shallow peritidal zone of the shelf. A new genus and species, Voronocladus dryganti, belonging to the Dasycladales Pascher, 1931, is established. Most of the specimens representing the algal thallus are overgrown by problematical epibiotic graptolites, described as Podoliagraptus algaeoides gen. et sp. nov. This phenomenon is explained as an epiphytic mode of life of the putative graptolite on algae, and is herein compared to recently known coexistences of algae with other organisms. The excellent state of preservation, and the abundance of studied Dasycladales algae and epibiotic problematics indicate that the investigated mudstone layer can be treated as a ‘Konservat Lagerstätte’ sensu Seilacher (1970).

A new polyphysacean alga from the Miocene of Romania and its biomineralization

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Barattolo F. , Ionesi V. , Ţibuleac P.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

2019

tom 64

nr 1

Polyphysacean algal fertile caps from the Sarmatian near Suceava (NE Romania) are here described as a new species, Acetabularia moldavica, ascribed to the extant genus Acetabularia due to the presence of both inferior and superior coronae. Gametangia are preserved and closely packed within the gametophore. The gametangium wall is strongly mineralized and SEM observations show acicular aragonite crystals arranged perpendicularly to the wall surface. The occurrence of mineralized cyst walls distinguishes the new species from the other three species ascribed to the genus Acetabularia, namely Acetabularia miocaenica, Acetabularia chiavonica, and Acetabularia transylvana. Cyst wall biomineralization in A. moldavica sp. nov., Chalmasia, and Halicoryne appears to assist in distinguishing taxa at species level but not at genus level. Four types of intracellular biomineralization can be recognized in polyphysaceans according to the mineralization of cyst walls and intergametangial spaces. The attribution of an extant species to a fossil genus and vice-versa can be problematic when the fossil consists of a mineralized spicule (intracellular biomineralization). Two contrasting examples are Acetabularia schenckii (extant species) assigned to the genus Acicularia (fossil), and Halicoryne morelleti (fossil species) referred to an extant genus (Halicoryne). When it is unclear whether fossil taxa possessed one or two coronae, the attribution of Cenozoic species to an extant genus appears speculative. Therefore, we support the view that the genus Acicularia should only be applied to fossil species. In addition, mineralized aggregates of cysts of Halicoryne morelleti should be distinguished from their possible extant counterparts (Chalmasia, Halicoryne, and Acetabularia) when coronal structures are not preserved. In the literature Halicoryne morelleti has been compared with the fossil genera Sedalanella and Ioanella. The first genus must be considered a junior synonym of Oroseina. A new interpretation of the genus Ioanella is supplied. The two layers of cysts of Ioanella conform poorly with the small ellipsoidal calcareous bodies of Halicoryne morelleti. Therefore, we propose the new genus Patruliuspora for Halicoryne morelleti.