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Content available remote Co wspólnego z badaniem diety zwierząt mają kody kreskowe DNA?
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PL
Kody kreskowe DNA (DNA barcoding) są krótkimi wystandaryzowanymi fragmentami DNA służącymi do dokładnej i szybkiej identyfikacji gatunków. Z powodzeniem są one wykorzystywane w identyfikacji znanych, jak i w oznaczaniu nieopisanych dotąd taksonów, w wykrywaniu handlu zagrożonymi gatunkami czy kłusownictwa. Idea ta została niedawno rozwinięta jako tzw. DNA metabarcoding i służy do identyfikacji całych zbiorów różnych gatunków z prób środowiskowych, takich jak woda, gleba czy odchody. W połączeniu z techniką sekwencjonowania wielkoskalowego możliwa jest rekonstrukcja np. dawnych zespołów organizmów z wiecznej zmarzliny oraz opisywanie obecnej bioróżnorodności w dowolnym środowisku bez konieczności wcześniejszego wyodrębniania osobników. Metabarcoding umożliwia także identyfikację składników pokarmu dowolnego gatunku zwierzęcia na podstawie DNA zawartego w jego odchodach. Metoda ta znacznie ułatwia analizę nawet bardzo złożonych diet, dając przy tym wysokiej jakości wyniki. Analiza jakościowego i ilościowego składu diety tą metodą dostarcza informacji niezbędnych np. do ochrony zagrożonych gatunków czy zarządzania gatunkami łownymi.
EN
DNA barcodes are short DNA fragments standardized for accurate and rapid species identification. They are successfully applied in taxonomic identification of new organisms as well as in detecting illegal trade of endangered species and poaching. DNA barcodes are used also in metabarcoding, i.e. identification of whole sets of different species from environmental samples such as water, soil or feces. Combination with the next-generation sequencing technology allows to reconstruct biodiversity in the past (permafrost samples) and describe its current state in any environment. Metabarcoding enables the identification of diet components of the species based on the DNA from its stools. This method is much faster and easier to analyze even the most complex diet, which provides data to the protection of endangered species or facilitates the management of game animals.
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EN
As a major component of freshwater ecosystems, insect species play an important role in nutrient cycling and are often used as bioindicators of water pollution. Although extensive studies have characterized insects from freshwater habitats, little is known about the distribution of these species along the Lower Sector of the Danube River. Therefore, this survey conducted in the Danube section within the Romanian territory aimed to identify insect larvae belonging to seven different species of Odonata, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Lepidoptera and Megaloptera by DNA barcoding and to investigate their distribution, density and frequency. A total of 41 quantitative macrozoobenthic samples were collected during two consecutive years (2019 and 2020). Species showed large differences in the distribution and density along different sections, and an overall tendency to populate downstream areas, except for Sialis morio. On the other hand, only Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum, Triaenodes bicolor and S. morio larvae were identified in the upstream section (Sulina branch). These data provide baseline information on the larger range of some of the most common aquatic insects in the Romanian Danube section in relation to several environmental parameters based on the first molecular identification of these species using COI gene sequencing.
EN
The study analyses for the first time the diet composition of grey seals inhabiting the Polish Baltic Sea coast. Samples of seal scat were collected in the Mewia Łacha Nature Reserve at the mouth of the Vistula River. Using genetic and osteological methods, the remains of organisms included in the grey seals diet were analysed for their taxonomy (families and species). Based on the analysis of 49 scat samples from grey seals, 761 hard parts that could be identified by taxon were isolated. The predominant species in the samples were perch, Perca fluviatilis (almost 78% of samples); pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (67%); lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (almost 35% of samples); Baltic cod, Gadus morhua callarias (almost 31% of samples) and sea trout, Salmo trutta trutta (26.5%). Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of Atlantic cod DNA in 69% and sea trout in 63% of samples. The genetic material of the Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus has not been identified in the analysed scat samples. Information on grey seals feeding on river lampreys seems to be valuable in the context of lack of knowledge on the occurrence of lampreys in the Vistula River. The methodology used showed that seals fed on species that were the most abundant in the area which is directly associated with the migration cycle of fish. The results of our study allowed the conclusion that the grey seal is an opportunistic predator and its diet reflects and exploits the variations in its habitat.
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PL
Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN w Warszawie koordynuje badania wykorzystujące kod paskowy DNA, wykonywane w ramach powstałego Krajowego Banku DNA Roślin, Grzybów i Zwierząt.W skład tego konsorcjum naukowego wchodzi na razie 5 instytutów. Barkoding może przynosić nieocenioną pomoc w badaniach gatunkowej różnorodności biologicznej, w botanice, zoologii, mikologii oraz w naukach aplikacyjnych: rolnictwie, leśnictwie, medycynie, weterynarii, naukach o żywności, ochronie przyrody i innych.
EN
Museum and Institute of Zoology of PolishAcademy of Sciences inWarsaw coordinate research using DNA barcode. The research is carried out under the National Bank of DNA of Plants, Fungi, and Animals. Up to this moment, this research consortium includes five institutes. Barcoding can bring invaluable help in studies of species biodiversity, botany, zoology, mycology, and application sciences: agriculture, forestry, medicine, veterinary, food science, nature protection and others.
EN
DNA barcoding is a practical tool for species identification, when morphological classification of an organism is difficult. Herein we describe the utilisation of this technique in a case of ophthalmomyiasis interna. A 12-year-old boy was infested during a summer holiday in northern Norway, while visiting an area populated with reindeer. Following medical examination, a Diptera larva was surgically removed from the boy’s eye and tentatively identified from its morphological traits as Hypoderma tarandi (L.) (Diptera: Oestridae). Ultimately, DNA barcoding confirmed this impression. The larval cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) DNA sequence was matched with both profiles of five adult H. tarandi from the same region where the boy was infested, and other established profiles of H. tarandi in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) identification engine.
PL
Entomologia sądowa wykorzystuje owady do ustalania czasu i przyczyny śmierci, a nawet miejsca, w którym nastąpiła. W tym celu stosowane są dwie metody. Metoda rozwojowa opiera się na wzorcach rozwoju larw w określonych warunkach temperaturowo-środowiskowych. Metoda sukcesyjna analizuje występujące w różnych środowiskach wzorce pojawiania się poszczególnych taksonów na zwłokach. W obu tych metodach najistotniejszą kwestią jest poprawna identyfikacja gatunków. W poniższym artykule zaprezentowane zostały molekularne metody identyfikacji, takie jak barkoding DNA czy analiza krzywych denaturacji DNA o wysokiej rozdzielczości (DNA-HRM-PCR).
EN
Forensic entomology uses insects to determine the time, cause and place of death. To this end, two entomological methods are used. The development-based method uses the patterns of insect larvae development under the specific thermal and environmental conditions. The succession-based method analyzes the sequence of insect succession on the body in various environmental conditions. The proper insect species identification is essential in both methods. In this article, the molecular methods of species, age and sex identification are presented such as DNA barcoding or DNA-HRM-PCR.
EN
ThepsbA-trnH intergenic region is among the most variable regions in the gymnosperm chloroplast genome. It is proposed as suitable for DNA barcodmg studies and is useful in phylogenetics at the species level. This region consists of two parts differing in their evolutionary characteristics: 1) the psbA 3'UTR (untranslated region) and 2) the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer. We compared the sequence and RNA secondary structure of the psbA 3'UTR across gymnosperms and found consensus motifs corresponding to the stem portions of the RNA stem-loop structures and a consensus TGGATTGTTATGT box. The psbA-trnH spacer is highly variable in length and composition. Tandem repeats that form stem-loop structures were detected in both the psbA 3' UTR and the psbA-trnH spacer. The presence of promoters and stem-loop structures in the psbA-trnH spacer and high sequence variation in this region suggest that psbA and trnH in some gymnosperms are independently transcribed. A comparison of chloroplast UTRs across gymnosperms offer clues to the identity of putative regulatory elements and information on selective constraints imposed on the chloroplast non-coding regions. The present study should inspire researchers to explore the full potential of the psbA-trnH non-coding sequence and to further stimulate its application in a broader spectrum of studies, not limited to phylogenetics and DNA barcoding.
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