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MODELS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS OF POPULAR LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE

100%

Grabowska S.

nr 1(171)

25-50

Popular legislative initiative is not a well-known and common institution in legal systems of European countries. The initiative is the right of a specified number of citizens to lodge a petition for enacting a certain law. This type of popular initiative is regulated only in a few countries where regulations vary from formalized to schematic and superficial. However, there is no doubt that popular legislative initiative is considered as a significant supplement of parliamentary democracy. There are two main types of legal regulations concerning popular legislative initiative. The first one can be found in the Polish legal system where the whole burden of organizing popular initiative (concerning e.g.: establishing the initiative committee, collecting required number of signatures, financing all the activities associated with the initiative) is put on the initiative's organizers, whereas public authorities do not assist. The second type can be found in Austria where the state assists in organizing the popular initiative - municipality carry out all the activities associated with gathering signatures under the popular motion on submitting a draft of a bill to parliament.

Wybory soltysow i rad soleckich. W poszukiwaniu prawidel rywalizacji wyborczej w organach pomocniczych samorzadow gmin wiejskich w Polsce

80%

Ptak A.

nr 3(49)

107-122

The method and rules of elections of village heads and village council-members, which are conducted at meetings of village residents, are one of the last examples of direct democracy. Even though this form of democracy has been studied and described previously, the electoral rivalry within rural communities is marginalized; therefore, it is little known. The paper tries to define the features of electoral competition and analyze rivalry at this level of government. It has been based on a case study of one commune and three research methods have been used: direct observation, document analysis and personal interviews. Additionally, the paper presents sociological and demographic studies on some of the newly elected village heads and their councils.