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Demografia rodziny szlacheckiej w świetle najnowszych badań genealogicznych

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Guzowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

2011

tom 30

7-16

The article is a demographic analysis of medieval gentry families based on the results of genealogical research. Thus the information contained mainly in town and court registers is used here indirectly. These sources make it possible to determine two demographic issues: family longevity and number of children surviving till adulthood. The author has collected information about 168 marriages (first and subsequent marriages). A gentry marriage concluded in the late 14th century and in the 15th century would last on average 18 years (median — 16). Among those relationships, 138 were first relationships for both partners; they lasted 19 years on average. Subsequent relationships lasted on average about 13 years (median — 11). The studied couples had 571 children who survived till adulthood. Among them there is a clear preponderance of sons (311) over daughters (260), meaning 120 boys for 100 girls, a ratio resulting from the fact that girls were not so diligently recorded in sources. The offspring per gentry family was calculated in two ways. First, the author counted the children registered by the sources. On average there were 3.4 children (median — 3) surviving till adulthood per one gentry family, with the average in first marriages being 3.6 (median — 3.5) and in subsequent marriages — 2.3 (median — 2). Then to the total number of children the author added 51 daughters, potentially not registered by the sources. Thus he obtained a gender balance characteristic of this age group. After the daughters were added, on average there were 3.7 children per marriage (3.9 in first marriages and 2.9 in subsequent marriages). In the 15th century, marital relationships among the gentry lasted on average several years longer than relationships among the aristocracy, townspeople and peasants in the 16th century. On average, gentry women bore at least 6–8 children in their fecund period. 3–4 children survived till adulthood, a number no greater than that in other groups in society.

Szlachta ziemi ciechanowskiej w świetle taryfy podymnego z 1775 roku

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Pszczółkowski A. A.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

2011

tom 30

25-52

The author of the article examines the 1775 chimney tax register for the Ciechanów region compiled in accordance with a parliamentary act provisions; in particular, he examines the size of the local nobility population and its stratification. For the purpose of comparison the author used birth, marriage and death registers as well as court and visitation (church) registers. In 1775 there were 8.120 hearths listed to be taxed in the three districts (Ciechanów, Przasnysz and Sąchocin) making up the Ciechanów region. Among them, 6.557 hearths in villages and 5 hearths in towns were owned by the nobility (2.699 separate estates in total). The richest nobility owners (with 30 or more hearths) owned 2.372 hearths, i.e. over 36% of nobility-owned hearths in villages and over 29% of all hearths in the Ciechanów region. This group usually held state or local offices and made up only 1.5% of nobility owners in the region. Other local members of the nobility owned small manor farms or one-hearth smallholdings. The biggest groups of impoverished nobility were to be found in the Ciechanów district, and in the western and central part of the Przasnysz district. After discounting the hearths inhabited by peasants in nobility estates and adding the inhabitants of farms as well as priests — in both cases usually coming from the local nobility — together with their families and relatives, the local nobility population could be estimated at 13.500 people (assuming that there were 5 people living in each nobility-inhabited hearth), i.e. over 31% of the entire population of the region in question. This source, when compared with the birth, marriage and death registers as well as court and parishioner registers, proves to be highly credible and complete. It confirms that the local nobility population was large and stratified — from few potentates of national significance to numerous paupers.

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN “ONECHILD” REGIONS

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Botiková M.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

2016

tom 64

nr 4

486 – 499

Historical and demographic literature saw the issue of birth control in Hungary in the early decades of the 19th century. Ethnological research processes information on the phenomenon in general (Filová, 1975) and in some specific cultural expressions (Botíková, 1997). By carrying out repeated investigations we have obtained material of biographical narratives, which present a more detailed context of a partnership, pregnancy, childbirth, care for the woman and child in the family in the villages, which for decades continuously (statistically) recorded birth control. We expect the single-child system is manifested in several aspects of life. The analysis is going to help in understanding the causes and functioning of this phenomenon.