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Content of civil defence training in Czechoslovakia during the period 1918 – 1939

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Kavan Š. , Trčka M.

Littera Scripta

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2016

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nr 1

47-63

EN

This article is a reflection of civil defence training as a basic element of education. The research focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of civil defence training in terms of the creation of a new state and in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. A comparative historical analysis forms the basis of the research into the issue of statehood through education. The comparative historical analysis method is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the basic elements of the statehood issue in education, through which it is possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it. Perceptions and ideas about the tasks of the state have gradually changed and evolved. This includes the creation and development of the legal order, and the provision of security and public order within the state. Civil defence training was targeted in such a way as to create an environment in which every citizen, irrespective of their nationality, religion, political opinion and social environment, had the physical and mental ability and willingness to enthusiastically and faithfully fulfil their civic duties.

2

Provisions of Civil Defence Training in Czechoslovakia – Historical Consequences

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Kavan Š.

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2024

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tom 47(47)

44-58

EN

This article is a reflection of the research that focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of education for statehood in terms of the creation of a new state in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. The comparative historical analysis will be utilized as the research method on the subject of education for statehood. The comparative historical analysis is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the statehood issue of education to its basic elements, by which it will be possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it.

3

Architektura a státní bytová politika v letech třetí Československé republiky (1945-1948):

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Dvořáková D.

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2019

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tom 67

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nr 4

304-319

EN

The phase of the people s democratic republic (1945-1948) was a period during which representatives of the Czech architectural community filled important posts in state administration and со-determined the preparations and process of postwar redevelopment. Their long-term concept of social reformation based on the idea of surpassing liberal capitalism corresponded with the objectives of the postwar welfare state. Architects were chiefly active in the field of housing reconstruction that was among the social policy priorities of the first government of Klement Gottwald. The leading initiators of postwar renewal — the radically Leftist architects Jiří Štursa, Karel Janů, Jiří Voženílek and Oldřich Stibor — participated in the designing of the generously proportioned standard of the so-called Two-Year Plan Flat and contributed to formulating the principles of economization in the new construction programme via building standardization. During the preparations of the two-year economic plan, i.e. still before the February 1948 coup d etat, they reckoned with the industrialization of the construction process and with government-controlled construction performed through collective campaigns. The theoretical preparations were to materialize in the form of a new type of urban housing developments, so-called Two Year Plan Housing Estates. However, due to time pressure and the disparate economic system where architectural studios, building companies and building materials producers were still in private hands, this early plan of standardization and industrialization of architecture failed.

CS

Etapa lidově demokratické republiky (1945–1948) představuje období, během něhož se zástupcům české architektonické obce podařilo obsadit vlivné pozice ve státní správě a spoluurčit tak přípravy i průběh poválečné stavební obnovy. Jejich dlouhodobý společensko-reformní koncept, založený na představě překonání liberálního kapitalismu, korespondoval s cíli poválečného socializujícího státu. Architekti se uplatnili především v oblasti plánování bytové výstavby, jež patřila k prioritám sociální politiky první vlády Klementa Gottwalda. Hlavní iniciátoři poválečného stavebního vývoje, radikálně levicově orientovaní architekti Jiří Štursa, Karel Janů, Jiří Voženílek a Oldřich Stibor, participovali na tvorbě štědře dimenzovaného standardu dvouletkového bytu a podíleli se na formulaci zásad zhospodárnění nové výstavby prostřednictvím typizace staveb. Během přípravy dvouletého hospodářského plánu, tzn. ještě před únorem 1948, kalkulovali s industrializací stavebního procesu a státem kontrolovanou výstavbou prováděnou hromadnými akcemi. Zhmotněním teoretických příprav se měl stát nový typ městských obytných souborů, tzv. dvouletková sídliště. V časové tísni, kvůli smíšenému hospodářskému systému, kdy stále převládaly soukromé architektonické ateliéry, stavební firmy i výrobny stavebnin, však tento raný plán typizace a zprůmyslnění architektury ztroskotal.

4

Provisions of Civil Defence Training in Czechoslovakia – Historical Consequences

100%

Kavan Š.

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tom 17(17)

158-171

EN

This article is a reflection of the research focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of education for statehood in terms of the creation of a new state in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. The comparative historical analysis will be utilized as the research method on the subject of education for statehood. The comparative historical analysis is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the statehood issue of education to its basic elements, by which it will be possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it.

5

History of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy in Periodicals of 1918–1945

88%

Kichera V.

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nr 1

31-57

EN

In the proposed article, an attempt is made to critically study the history of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy (MGCE) on the basis of the press. First of all, attention is focused on the regional press. In general, both church and secular publications were used. The period was not chosen by chance, because it is the period of the interwar and wartime periods of the Czechoslovak Republic. The main task of the research is to study not only the subject matter of the publications, but also the views that were covered in each periodical. The fact is that depending on the edition and the publisher, the content of the publications was appropriate. If religious topics and protection of the Church prevailed in church periodicals, then in government or independent periodicals, in addition to general news, there were also critical articles about the Church. Particular attention is paid to historical topics in these periodicals on the history of the Mukachevo Eparchy. In general, information in journals and the press can significantly supplement historical knowledge not only of the history of the Church, but also of the history of state-church relations and the history of Czechoslovakia of the studied period.

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Skrawek Świętej Rusi w Europie powersalskiej. Ruś Podkarpacka: tradycja i wymiar geopolityczny

63%

Osadczy W.

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2020

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tom XVI

223-237

EN

Subcarpathian Ruthenia was a relic of the East Slavic world which survived in the hermetic conditions of the influence of the Hungarian political tradition. Connected with other Ruthenian lands by religious tradition, the language of the Church, speech similar to the folk language of other Ruthenian regions on the other side of the Carpathians, under the rule of the Polish Crown, this piece of Rus was not linked by political or cultural tradition with other regions of Ruthenian lands referring to the common Kiev heritage . During political emancipation, conservative influences were clashing here, on the one hand – those combining attachment to the archaic tradition and political orientation towards Hungary, and on the other: progressive popular democratic influences seeking unity with the Ukrainian national movement. As a result of complicated diplomatic efforts, Subcarpathian Ruthenia was included in the Czechoslovak Republic after World War I. The interwar period did not bring any noticeable economic and civilization progress to these lands.

PL

Ruś Podkarpacka była reliktem wschodniosłowiańskiego świata, który przetrwał w hermetycznych warunkach oddziaływania politycznej tradycji węgierskiej. Złączony z innymi ziemiami ruskimi tradycją religijną, językiem cerkiewnym, mową zbliżoną do języka ludowego innych regionów ruskich po drugiej stronie Karpat, w składzie Korony Polskiej, ten skrawek Rusi nie był złączony tradycją polityczną czy kulturową z innymi regionami ziem ruskich odwołujących się do wspólnej spuścizny kijowskiej. W czasie emancypacji politycznej ścierały się ze sobą tutaj wpływy konserwatywne, łączące przywiązanie do archaicznej tradycji i politycznej orientacji na Węgry a nikłe postępowe ludowo-demokratyczne dążące jedności z ukraińskich ruchem narodowym. Na skutek skomplikowanych zabiegów dyplomatycznych Ruś Podkarpacka znalazła się po I wojnie światowej w składzie Republiki Czechosłowackiej. Okres międzywojenny nie przyniósł tym ziemiom dostrzegalnego postępu gospodarczego i cywilizacyjnego.