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Metamorfózy sociálního státu v Československu v letech 1956–1989

100%

Tomeš I.

nr 1-2

65-88

This article follows on chronologically from the preceding article published in the current issue of Soudobé dějiny, and seeks to identify and explain the main lines in the development of social policy in Czechoslovakia from 1956 to the end of the Communist regime in late 1989. It combines historical analytical narration and eye-witness recollections – for the author was continuously involved, at international institutes and in Czechoslovakia from the late 1950s onwards, in the theory and practical implementation of social policy (although in the period of re-established hard-line Communism, called ‘normalization’, beginning in 1969, he was unable to be publicly involved). Since he worked in academia, mostly in the second half of the 1960s, and actively participated in efforts to achieve a fundamental reform of the Czechoslovak social model, he can provide valuable insight into the intellectual ferment of the times. In this article he provides a clear overview of the important social-policy measures that were developed and implemented between two tendencies, in which the welfare state became an instrument of the populist politics of the Communist Party and the Government, while faced with the pressures of economic reality.

Žena jako subjekt a objekt nacionalismu. K ideologii Boženy Vikové-Kunětické

63%

Šípoš D.

nr 45

13-35

This study examines the connection between the categories of nation and gender in the ideology of Božena Viková-Kunětická. Through the analysis of her public statements and speeches, it seeks to better understand the functions and roles in which Viková-Kunětická imagined women serving the Czechoslovak national project. It also considers whether she perceived women (including herself) as active political agents — i.e. as subjects or else as passive objects. The text is methodologically based on the classification of women’s roles developed by Nira Yuval-Davis in her works on gender and nationalism, reconstructing the views of a female politician on the role of women on three lev els: practical-natural, symbolic, and practical-political. Taken together, these three levels make up a particular national feminine discourse founded by its ideologue Božena Viková-Kunětická. The conclusion is devoted to the assessment of the relevance of the designation of the writer as an ideo logue of the matriarchy.