Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Generational Differences in the Labour Market - Three Confounded Effects

100%

Wilczyńska K. , Wieczorkowska G.

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nr nr 1

54-86

EN

Objective: Many research claim that Millennials value work ethic much lower and leisure time much higher than older generations. Most of them are based on cross-sectional analyses of data collected at one time. This design confounds the COHORT effect (born in the same time period and thus exposed to the same cultural forces during their formative socialization period) and biological AGE, and it makes it impossible to separate them. Our goal is to demonstrate how to empirically separate the confounded effects of APC (biological AGE - PERIOD of measurement - COHORT) in a simple way.Methodology: Three generations (Baby Boomers, X-ers and Millennials) from the representative Polish samples of the World Value Survey, were cross-sectionally compared, and a cross-lagged comparison was made between BB in 2005 vs X in 2020, and between X in 2005 and Millennials in 2020.Findings: It was shown that significant cross-sectional differences in attitudes toward work between the 3 generation (with the highest score for Baby Boomers and the lowest for Millennials) cannot be explained by age differences. Over the period of 15 years, the importance of leisure time has increased for all generations (PERIOD effect).Value Added: The paper highlights significant methodological problem: the confounding effect of APC in most generational findings. It promotes the idea of using nationally representative samples from publicly available data like World Value Survey, instead of collecting convenience samples.Recommendations: Greater methodological rigour in generational studies is recommended, as their results can create/support stereotypes that tend to generate individual expectations (e.g. every Millennial is computer literate or lazy), ignoring the fact that intra-generational variability is very high. (original abstract)

2

Modele trwania firm w województwie zachodniopomorskim według grup sekcji PKD

84%

Markowicz I.

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nr nr 3

265-278

XX

W artykule zaprezentowane zostały wyniki analizy kohortowej. Kohorty stanowią firmy danej sekcji PKD powstałe w województwie zachodniopomorskim w latach 2009-2011 (rejestr REGON). Obserwacja trwała do końca 2013 roku (59587 firm). Analizie poddano 13 sekcji spośród 21. Pominięto sekcje o stosunkowo małej liczbie podmiotów powstających i likwidowanych. Do wyznaczenia modeli trwania firm według sekcji wykorzystano estymator Kaplana-Meiera (model nieparametryczny). Metoda ta jest stosowana przy założeniu występowania obserwacji cenzurowanych. W odróżnieniu od tablic trwania, nie wymaga ona arbitralnego grupowania czasu obserwacji w przedziały klasowe. Firmy zlikwidowane do końca 2013 roku przyjęto jako obserwacje pełne a pozostałe jako cenzurowane (firmy, które przetrwały poza okres obserwacji). Za pomocą testu Gehana zweryfikowano hipotezę o podobieństwie tych modeli. Jest to test nieparametryczny - nieznany jest rozkład czasu trwania. Na tej podstawie wyznaczono grupy sekcji o podobnych modelach trwania. W literaturze przedmiotu podkreśla się, że własności statystyczne estymatora Kaplana-Meiera są dobre a wyniki testu rzetelne tylko w przypadku dużych prób. Efektem analizy jest podział sekcji na osiem grup. Wśród nich są trzy grupy wieloelementowe i aż pięć grup jednoelementowych. Świadczy to o indywidualnym przebiegu procesu trwania firm dla wielu sekcji PKD. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The paper presents results of a cohort analysis. The cohorts under consideration consist of firms within a NACE section established in Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship between 2009-2011 (according to REGON). The entities (59.587 firms) were observed until the end of 2013. There were 13 out of 21 sections analysed. Sections that were omitted consisted of relatively small amounts of firms - both established and liquidated. To estimate firm duration models within sections Kaplan-Meier estimator was used (i.e. a non-parametric model). This method is usually applied with the assumption of censored observations in place. Unlike the survival tables, it does not depend on arbitrary division of observation times into classes. Businesses that were liquidated before the end of 2013 have been considered full observations while the rest of them being censored (i.e. all the firms that survived beyond the end of the observation period). Gehan test was employed to verify the hypothesis about similarity of duration models. In literature many authors emphasize the facts that Kaplan-Meier estimator has good statistical properties and the test is reliable only when there is a large sample involved. The effect of the study is a partition of NACE sections into eight groups. Three of these groups contain multiple elements while five are one-element only. It might be the evidence that there exist individual survival processes in many NACE sections. (original abstract)

3

Wykorzystanie analizy kohortowej do badania procesów retencji zatrudnienia

84%

Spyrka S.

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nr nr 1 (23)

127-136

XX

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę kohortową jako narzędzie przydatne do badania i kształtowania procesów retencyjnych pracowników. Przedstawione badanie potwierdziło fakt, że przedsiębiorstwa powinny zwracać szczególną uwagę na procesy związane z doborem pracowników, czyli rekrutacją i selekcją, ale jednocześnie powinny badać powody dla których pracownicy odchodzą z organizacji, tak aby mogły zapobiegać temu, szczególnie w przypadkach, gdy kapitał ludzki jest dla firmy zasobem (kapitałem) krytycznym. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

This article presents a cohort analysis as a great tool to examine and to form the employees' retention processes. The presented study confirmed that the company should pay particular attention to the processes associated with the selection of staff, i.e. to the recruitment and to the selection, but also it should examine the reasons why employees leave the organization, so that they can prevent it, especially in cases where human capital is crucial for the company. (original abstract)

4

Cohort Fertility of Polish Women, 1945-2015: the Context of Postponment and Recuperation

84%

Tymicki K. , Zeman K. , Holzer-Żelażewska D.

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2018

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nr nr 2(174)

5-23

EN

The article is a follow-up and an extension to previously published papers by HolzerŻelażewska & Holzer (1997) and Holzer-Żelażewska & Tymicki (2009). Fristly, we have added new cohorts to the cohort analysis based on the individual data from births registration for the years 2009-2015. Secondly, we have extended the scope of the study by taking into account the context of postponement and recuperation to analyses of cohort fertility of Polish women. The approach applied to the fertility postponement and recuperation on the cohort data refers to the method which was originally proposed by Frejka (2011) and Lesthaeghe (2001) and further developed by Sobotka et al. (Sobotka et al., 2011). This method allows for calculation of fertility postponement and recuperation measures with respect to a benchmark cohort chosen as the one that first experiences an onset of the increase in the mean age of motherhood at first birth. The results show the remarkable changes in the fertility patterns in Poland. The main driving forces behind the change in fertility patterns in Poland are related to the postponement of first births along with a relatively good recuperation. The magnitude of recuperation for Polish cohorts dropped significantly for second births and was almost non-existent for third and higher births. Therefore, the pattern of fertility in Poland observed till 2015 could be characterized by postponement and recuperation of first births along with a significant decrease in second births with perpetual postponement of third and higher births. (original abstract)

5

Demographic transition in the various population categories

84%

Hablicsek L.

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nr nr 345 Usefulness of demographic modelling

43-53

EN

An assistance could be offered to the demographic decision-makers in this debate by the study of the cohort populations. According to the Table 4 the size of cohort populations is higher, the structure is older than' the calendar ones. Therefore the consumption- of cohort populations would be higher as it could be under the recent transversal conditions and institutions. This shows that in the future a reinterpretation of the age composition is certain and it should be chosen rather according to the expectable mortality improvement than on the basis of the present health condition of- the population, and never after the essential mortality improvement has taken place. Yes, but in this case partly disabled people should be employed in greater numbers - young people in Hungary are frightened by the fact - who decreases possibility and opportunities to work for young people under the present rather tense employment conditions. This purpose could be served by the second social agreement which would be aimed- at improving income distributions more favourable for the younger generations.(fragment of text)